Changes That The Cold War Have Brought - Free Essay Example

Beginning after World War II in 1947 and ending with the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, The Cold War was a war over true freedom and power. While the Soviet Union spread their communist ideas around, the United Sates fought on the side of capitalism. Give Me Liberty states Among other things, the Cold War was an ideological struggle, a battle, in a popular phrase of the 1950s, for the hearts and minds of people throughout the world. The Cold War was a major defining moment for the world but mostly the United States. Following the war, America became the superpower it intended to be. Yes, the United States did win the Cold War because the war and its link to freedom changed the way America looked at freedom. This redefinition of freedom caused a rise in the fight for human rights, the civil rights movement and new revolutions that reshaped America to be what it is today. The Cold War did not end in a fair fight but in the ending of the Soviet Union due to their financial inabilities. The United States was and still are against communism and ultimately the war was one of communism vs capitalism. America became a superpower over the other countries in the world, but the war woke up something in the American Society. During the Cold War, America was split between communists and capitalists. This split put emphasis on the freedom of speech and freedom of idea. During the 1950s, freedom became an inescapable theme of academic research, popular journalism, mass culture, and official pronouncements. (Foner). Both parties in the war claimed to be fighting for freedom and social justices. President Truman created the Truman Doctrine, persuaded democrats and republicans to support his policy, making it known that the United States was the leader of the free-world, and as the leader it is its job to support freedom-loving people. He believed communists were a threat to that. The Anticommunists Crusade began in America showing its divide. Anticommunist movies like The Red Menace and I Married a Communist were made, and movie writers were urged to eliminate the bad parts of American history to persuade America and other countries against communism. Capitalists questioning of Americans loyalty only made Americans speak out more. What do men know of loyalty who make a mockery of the Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights? (Commager). With the Anticommunist Crusade happening, people were being threatened with losing their jobs and sent to prison for promoting communism or being believed to be spies through. President Truman launched a loyalty review system, requiring government employees to prove their patriotism. More people lost their jobs than those sent to prison, but most felt this was an act against the founding fathers. The House of Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) also managed to send what became to be called the Hollywood Ten and 200 others to jail for promoting communism in movies. The aftermath of World War II and the Four Freedoms raised the issue of human rights. Individuals were for the first time, being held accountable for violating human, many being Nazi officials. Violators were placed on trial and even sentenced to prison; some execution. In 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, drafted by Eleanor Roosevelt and her committee, was approved by the Un General Assembly. This doctrine was written to speak out for the rights that everyone deserved. These rights included freedom of speech, religious toleration, protection against arbitrary government, adequate standard of living and access to housing, education, and medical care. Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights stated All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and right. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Some may have felt this doctrine was an empty rhetoric but its principle that how a natio n treats its own citizens should be subject to outside evaluation became the bases of freedom. Blacks and other minorities were speaking out against the inequalities of man prior to the Civil War, but the increased talk of freedom and the rise in the fight for human rights during and after the war birthed a new voice. Prior to the approval of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the NAACP spoke out and filed a petition to the United Nations seeking an investigation into the racism within the United States, a clear violation of human rights. The United Nations did not follow through, but this petition was only the beginning. For decades blacks were the last to benefit from any of the progressive changes in America; if they benefitted at all. From slavery to segregation, blacks faced many facial discriminations. Blacks were given lower wage employment than unskilled workers, subpar access to education, and forced to live in packed ghettos that lacked many necessities for survival. Yet despite the apparent extra effort being made by the poorest districts, they are unable ev en to begin to make the richest districts in terms of the production of revenue. (Marshall). The Golden Age began after the ending of World War II and marked a time of economic expansion, stable prices, low unemployment rates, and a rise in the standard of living. Even southern living progressed from its years of being behind the North. With the Golden Age came higher incomes that brought the ability to afford better living which in turn began the creation of suburban neighborhoods, neighborhoods blacks were not allowed in. Suburbs like the Levittown Suburbs created by William and Alfred Levitt, refused to allow non-whites entry. Urban renewal programs that tore down poor neighborhoods to build retail centers, white-only middle-class housing and universities, displaced tons of residents. While the whites in those areas moved to the suburbs or into white-only housing complexes, blacks were forced to move to other already crowded ghettos or create new ones. Employment discrimination and exclusion from educational opportunities left blacks and other non-whites in unskilled jobs , unable to advance to a better standard of living. Following the end of World War II and throughout the Cold War, there was a civil rights upsurge. The NAACP and civil rights coalitions involving labor, religious groups and back organizations fought for big changes for the black communities all over the country, especially the South. Twenty percent of blacks in the South were registered to vote by 1952. There was also reported to be no lynchings that took place that year in the entire United States. In 1947, the Brooklyn Dodgers challenged the long-standing exclusion of blacks in major league baseball by adding Jackie Robison, who would decades later become a hall of famer, to their team. The success of Jackie Robinson lead to other teams adding black players and the soon demise of the Negro League. That same year, President Truman appointed a Commission on Civil Rights to issue To Secure These Rights, a publishing of the racial inequalities in America. This publishing called out the federal government and demanded they assume the responsibility of ending segregation and ensuring equal treatment in housing, employment, education and the criminal justice system. President Truman also made a great change for blacks when, in July of 1948, he issued an executive order to desegregate the United States Military, making it the largest institution in America to promote racial integration actively. Prominent black leaders like W.E.B Du Bois spoke out against the Civil War but many others and organizations like the NAACP felt that it was in the best interest of blacks to go along and speak out against communism. With the Truman administration actively behind civil rights, blacks were seeing a time of hope and prosperity but laws banning discrimination remained unenforced towards the end of Trumans presidency. The 1952 elections showed blacks how quickly their issues could become nonexistent when the democrats nominated a candidate who could c are less about civil rights. But this was not the end. The rise of what became known as the affluent society, changed American life with new opportunities for whites living in the expanding suburbs. Blacks were again left out, living in declining rural areas of the South and urban ghettos of the North. This prosperity for whites and the continued discrimination for blacks would become the inspiration for the civil rights movement that in turn redefined American freedom. Extreme acts of segregation in America birthed a voice in blacks like Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks and iconic moments in history like the Montgomery Bus Boycotts, that has changed the history of blacks all over and is continuing to change. With segregated public buildings, water fountains and buses, the urban ghettos they were forced to live in, low wages, and subpar schools and educations their children were receiving, blacks were becoming more and more agitated with the land of the free. The NAACP stood behind cases like Brown v. Board of Education, where black parents challenged the unfair school policies. The separate but equal doctrine adopted in Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537, has no place in the field of public education. (Brown v. Board of Education). Cases like this one paved the way for the desegregation of schools in America and are the reason why every child can receive the same education as any other child today. On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks, a black woman in Montgomery, Alabama, one of the most racist cities in America, made history when she refused to give up her seat after a long day of work, to a white person. During these times, it was the law for blacks to enter the bus via the back door, sit in the back and give their seats to white riders if there were none left. On this day, Rosa Parks started a 381-day movement. For those 381 days, blacks refused to use public transportation, facing loads of harassment and violence. In November of 1956, the Supreme Court ruled segregation in public transportation unconstitutional, ending the boycott and the segregation of buses. Blacks in the South began to stand up and speak out against segregation more and more. Nonviolent protests following the lead of leaders like Dr. King and his Southern Christian Leadership Conference, began to pop up all over, demanding change. Young activists in Raleigh, North Carolina formed the Student Nonviolent Coord inating Committee (SNCC) in 1960. Black and even some white college students started sit-ins in segregated dinners and in 1961, the Freedom Rides was launched, and integrated groups of college students traveled through the deep south forming sit-ins, protesting the segregation. They were harassed by angry mobs with no police protection. The civil rights movement brought a strength and the young and old who were tired and ready for a change. On August 28, 1963, weeks before the Birmingham church bombing that killed innocent black girls, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. lead the March on Washington and gave his famous I have a Dream speech. Because of these brave induvial, those who followed them and the organizing of protests, the lives of blacks and other minorities drastically changed for the better. The Civil Rights Act was passed in 1964, prohibiting discrimination in employment, institutions like hospitals and schools and privately-owned public places like restaurants, hotels and theaters. Dr. King launched a voting ri ghts campaign in 1965 that lead to the passing of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the 24th Amendment which outlawed poll tax and gave blacks a fair chance at voting. The ending of World War II and the starting of the Cold War also woke up a voice in white Americans all over. Not only were whites facing losing their jobs and even Hollywood fame for even being accused of being disloyal, they were becoming fed up with the government and the way everyone was being treated. The 1950s birthed a new form of thinking for whites in America. A group of thinkers started the task of making changes to conservatism and reclaiming the idea of freedom from liberals. They strongly opposed the idea of a strong national government. We as young conservatives, believe: That foremost among the transcendent values the individuals use of his God-given free will whence derives his right to be free from the restrictions of arbitrary force; (The Sharon Statement, Young Americans for Freedom). Freedom to them, meant individual autonomy, limited government, and unregulated capitalism. Insisting that toleration of difference was not offering any substitute in the search of ab solute truth, believed the Free World needed to arm itself morally and intellectually. Writers and socialist started speaking out in their work, concerned with what America really viewed as freedom. An insert by Life magazine suggested that American freedom could be in more danger from the nonuse of it than the threat of communism. The 1950s saw of time where white youth were known as rebels without a cause. All around white teens were forming gangs and wearing leather jackets, dancing to rock n roll and sexual music. People like the poet group, the Beats rejected the materialism of the suburbs and celebrated impulsive action, pleasure through drugs and sexual experimentation. This was only the beginning. By the 1960s, young white Americans were standing up against the government and many were standing with blacks during the civil rights movement. Many did not understand the rise of protesting white college students that began to appear. This sparked what came to be called, the New Left. The New Left was inspired by the civil rights movement, especially the sit-ins. Young whites felt it was their duty to stand up for what was right and fight for true freedom in the world. They mostly stood up against poverty and the war. Books like The Other America and The Death and Life of Great American Cities showed the sid e of America they didnt glorify and criticized urban renewal and the destruction of neighborhoods to build highways. Groups like Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) formed in the 60s as a voice for the people. Although feminism seemed to disappear after the baby boom, women once again arose and spoke out. The reawakening of the feminist movement began with the publication of Betty Friedans 1963 The Feminine Mystique. Her book emphasized that women are more than being wives and mothers and the world needed to get with the program. Women started waking up again and fighting for their rights. In 1963, the Equal Pay Act was passed, ending sex discrimination between men and women who work the same jobs. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 also prohibited discrimination based on sex. The National Organization for Women (NOW) was formed in 1966, demanding equal opportunities for women in all walks of life. Young women were starting to embrace the civil rights movement and ideologies of organizations like the SDS and SNCC. By 1967, conscious groups were being formed by women all over that focused on their dissatisfaction with the state of women in America. By appealing to conscience and standing on the m oral nature of human existence, nonviolence nurtures the atmosphere in which reconciliation and justice become actual possibilities. (Committee). Protests like the one at the 1968 Miss America beauty pageant, gave a new voice for what has come to be known as new feminism. The Cold War may have been a war of capitalism vs. communism, but it also brought about a change in the world that we see today. America saw a major change that would only continue to make it a superpower. Although it ended because of the financial inabilities of the Soviet Union, the United States still won the Cold War because it faced a change that birthed a new meaning to freedom. This new meaning of freedom sparked a voice in Americans that changed human rights, created the civil rights movement, and woke up a voice in young white men and women that soon changed the meaning of equality for all. Human rights played a prominent role in world affairs after the Cold War and continues to play such role today.

Cyndi Vanderheiden - Victim of the Speed Freak Killers

Cloning Types, Technique, Animals and More

Cloning is the process of creating genetically identical copies of biological matter. This may include genes, cells, tissues or entire organisms. Natural Clones Some organisms generate clones naturally through asexual reproduction. Plants, algae, fungi, and protozoa produce spores that develop into new individuals that are genetically identical to the parent organism. Bacteria are capable of creating clones through a type of reproduction called binary fission. In binary fission, the bacterial DNA is replicated and the original cell is divided into two identical cells. Natural cloning also occurs in animal organisms during processes such as budding (offspring grows out of the body of the parent), fragmentation (the body of the parent breaks into distinct pieces, each of which can produce an offspring), and parthenogenesis. In humans and other mammals, the formation of identical twins is a type of natural cloning. In this case, two individuals develop from one fertilized egg. Types of Cloning When we speak of cloning, we typically think of organism cloning, but there are actually three different types of cloning. Molecular Cloning: Molecular cloning focuses on making identical copies of DNA molecules in chromosomes. This type of cloning is also called gene cloning.Organism Cloning: Organism cloning involves making an identical copy of an entire organism. This type of cloning is also called reproductive cloning.Therapeutic Cloning: Therapeutic cloning involves the cloning of human embryos for the production of stem cells. These cells could be used to treat disease. The embryos are eventually destroyed in this process. Reproductive Cloning Techniques Cloning techniques are laboratory processes used to produce offspring that are genetically identical to the donor parent. Clones of adult animals are created by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer. In this process, the nucleus from a somatic cell is removed and placed into an egg cell that has had its nucleus removed. A somatic cell is any type of body cell other than a sex cell. Cloning Problems What are the risks of cloning? One of the main concerns as it relates to human cloning is that the current processes used in animal cloning are only successful a very small percentage of the time. Another concern is that the cloned animals that do survive tend to have various health problems and shorter lifespans. Scientists have not yet figured out why these problems occur and there is no reason to think that these same problems wouldnt happen in human cloning. Cloned Animals Scientists have been successful in cloning a number of different animals. Some of these animals include sheep, goats, and mice. Cloning and Ethics Should humans be cloned? Should human cloning be banned? A major objection to human cloning is that cloned embryos are used to produce embryonic stem cells and the cloned embryos are ultimately destroyed. The same objections are raised with regard to stem cell therapy research that uses embryonic stem cells from non-cloned sources. Changing developments in stem cell research, however, could help ease concerns over stem cell use. Scientists have developed new techniques for generating embryonic-like stem cells. These cells could potentially eliminate the need for human embryonic stem cells in therapeutic research. Other ethical concerns about cloning involve the fact that the current process has a very high failure rate. According to the Genetic Science Learning Center, the cloning process only has a success rate of between 0.1 to 3 percent in animals. Sources Genetic Science Learning Center. What are the Risks of Cloning?. Learn.Genetics. June 22, 2014.

The Walt Disney Company has been making wonderful...

The Walt Disney Company has been making wonderful children’s movies and shows since October 16, 1923. They have been allowing kids to dream and believe that anything is possible: With uplifting stories such as Snow White, Cinderella, Frozen, Mary Poppins, and many many more. Walt Disney also has theme parks all over the world, which includes Walt Disney World in Orlando Florida. Which accompanies over 126 million people annually. Disney’s parks are the most visited parks in the world. Walt Disney, the man behind the multi trillion-dollar company, made 635 films before he passed in 1966 at the age of 65. Walt left his make in this great nation owning major companies such as ESPN, ABC Entertainment, ABC News, Touchstone†¦show more content†¦There are different packages anyone can purchase to fit their entertainment needs. Other than just residences, Direct TV offers their many services to many other businesses and offers mobile services as well. Why we chose it One of the reasons why we chose Direct TV to invest in is because it had a 9/10 stockscouter rating and it is a strong buy and a hold. It has a less than average risk and it is a stock that is trustworthy to invest in. Another reason is that the price change is very high which is really good because it is consistent. Also, the earnings per share was at a great 5.17 and that gives us confidence because it is a true representation on what the company has earned. Sales and Income has increased compared to past few years which shows that the stock has improved and is getting better and better and it is also expected to increase even more in the next 5 years. Direct TV is the leading in TV Entertainment and its stocks are also a better choice when compared to their competitors. Compared to Dish Network, not only is Direct TV cheaper but it also pays the best. Over the past five years, DIRECTV grew its annual sales twice as fast as its satellite-TV rival -- 11.6% per year on average, versus DISHs 5.2%. Going forward, earnings are expected to grow even faster than sales have in the past, with most analysts agreeing that DIRECTV will post compound annual earnings growth of 14.2%, versus DISHs plodding pace of justShow MoreRelatedDiversity at Disney5774 Words   |  24 Pages1 Disney Disney 2 For more than nine decades, the name Walt Disney has been preeminent in the field of family entertainment. From humble beginnings as a cartoon studio in the 1920s to today s global corporation, Disney continues to proudly provide quality entertainment for every member of the family, across America and around the world. 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Wilson and Colin Gilligan to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentallyRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesNew Jersey 07458. Many of the designations by manufacturers and seller to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Whetten, David A. (David Allred) Developing management skills /David A. Whetten, Kim S. Cameron.—8th ed. p. cm. 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Developmental Stages And Theories Of Development - 861 Words

Developmental Stages and Theories There are many areas in which an individual must develop to reach a mature level of adulthood. Several theories and ideas have been created in an attempt to describe the process that in which the individual passes to reach the desired levels of maturity. A few of those theories will be addressed in better understanding the development of Precious on a psychological and social plane. It can be assumed from observing Precious that she has been biologically developing normal as she is experiencing growth and hormonal changes and dealing with acne and obesity. Psychological Erik Erikson, in seeking to understand and describe human development, developed a theory in the early 1900s. His theory progressed to assume that humans must deal with or cope with the conflicts of a certain stage of life before they can move on to a higher level of development (Ashford et al, 2013). He organized eight different stages of psychosocial development from infancy to old age. Each of the eight stages represents an internal conflict that will greatly define who and individual becomes and the choices they will make later in life based on their experiences within each stage. During the adolescent years, the conflict of interest in Erikson’s psychosocial theory deals with identity and identity confusion (Ashford et al, 2013). These years are crucial in developing a youth’s self-esteem. Young people are highly self-conscious. Their perceptions of selfShow MoreRelatedErik Erikson s Theory And Theory908 Words   |  4 PagesBoth Erik Erikson’s theor y and Mary Ainsworth and John Bowlby theory support the idea that early life experiences impact the person across their lifespan. Erikson’s developmental theory discusses the eight stages of life and the forces and values that arise at each stage, which should be developed within this frame. 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Mechanisms of Fear Memory Extinction and Psychological Therapeutic

Question: Discuss about the Mechanisms of Fear Memory Extinction and Psychological Therapeutic Approaches. Answer: Introduction: Fear is an emotion that exists in both human and animals, and it is easier to understand by studying brain mechanisms. In psychiatric conditions, the condition plays a critical role, and because of this, it is critical to understand its neural basis. Fear occurs when one is subjected to conditions that result into intimidating environmental states. Current research puts great emphasis on Pavlovian fear condition. This analysis involves measuring conditioned responses that an auditory conditioned stimulus exhibits when the memory test is underway, which is almost the same as real life experiences where an unconditioned stimulus (US) causes some harm and then the conditioned stimulus (CS) takes place about the painful stimulus. This is always the case when a cat wounds a rat but it escapes. The rat forms a memory of some noise or rustling of grass that occurred when the cat was about to pounce on it. This paper examines recent studies on both molecular and cellular mechanism that often result into auditory fear conditioning. While molecular changes do take place in many areas of the amygdala, the paper will focus on lateral (LA) nucleus as there is adequate prove that molecular change in this place contributes significantly to the acquisition, consolidation, and memory expression. Given that unique molecular mechanisms underscore stages of memory formation, this analysis will is based on Pavlovs dog and rodent research and is organized according to the three stages, acquisition, consolidation, and then reconsolidation of memories. Additionally, it presents the limitation of extinction. Pavlovs Dog Pavlov started the processes of discovering the Pavlovian conditioning theory when he saw a dog salivate. He first thought that dogs do not need to learn to do some things such as salivating when they see food. In behavioral terms, this means food is unconditional stimulus while salivating in unconditional response. Pavlov proved this is presenting his dog with a bowl of food and measuring its salivary secretions. Later, he also learned that the dog would produce the same amount of salivary secretions when it saw the lab assistant; he concluded that he had discovered a conditioned response. Pavlov chose to ring a bell whenever he presented the food. He recorded the same response (Pavlov, 1902). Memory exists when people learn. When observing molecules that initiate memory function, it appears true that there can be no memory whenever there is not learning as there is nothing to store in the brain. An understanding of LA mechanism of fear memory formation can help to appreciate how memory acquisition occurs. Consequently, it will analyze the application of rodent studies in humans followed by extinction-based strategies (Pavlov, 1902). Acquisition Stage The Hebbian mechanism, which is based on the findings of Hebb, is a common mechanism at this juncture. A common view based on it emerged in neuroscience that explains how a synaptic input can be enhanced (Learning Rule, 2008). This LA mechanism provides that when activities take place in the presynaptic neuron, a simultaneously activity occurs in the postsynaptic neuron, it becomes possible to strengthen a synaptic input. This relationship with the strong inputs strengthens the weak one (Kwok, 2009). One thing that Hebbian Plasticity does not guarantee, according to new evidence, is that LA can explain fear conditioning entirely (Pape and Pare, 2010). While Hebb explicitly explains how plasticity can occur during the acquisition stage, it fails to comprehensively explain learning, particularly learning that type of learning that occurs in highly charged emotional environments. This has led to the emergence of neuromodulatory-dependent mechanisms (Schiller et al., 2013). Recent research suggests that monoamine transmitters are responsible for regulating glutamatergic transmission as well as Hebbian plasticity (Tully and Bolshakov, 2010). Another credible evidence points to the fact that neuromodulatory regulation of this mechanism can lead to the development of plasticity and fear learning. Neurons in the LC, as well as substantial nigra, are activated by the USS and CSs. Consequently, after the presentation of aversive stimuli, the amount of NE and DA increases in the amygdala (Guzman-Karlsson et al., 2014). The conclusion here is that NE and DA have the ability to modulate the acquisition of fear learning. Consolidation Stage This term consolidation refers to the process of stabilization of temporary STMs into persistent STMs. Covalent modification of synaptic proteins is responsible for mediating plasticity that is essential for both STM and immediate learning. However, research has shown that the consolidation of this plasticity occurs through activation of second messengers. Alberini et al. (2009) provide that these messengers initiate the process of gene transcription and also a translation of new proteins. This research finding makes it clear that both neuromodulatory and Hebbian mechanisms play the role of implementing the original intracellular activities. However, they can as well prompt the sending of the messengers. As already indicated above, molecules that make STM possible are the ones involved in memory consolidation (Sacktor, 2008). Recent studies show that kinase is involved in memory maintenance. Sacktors works show that an atypical isoform of PKC is responsible for this task. Inhibition of this isoform in the LA after a fear learning experience clears fear memories (Sacktor, 2008). According to Jensen et al. (2009), it is true that the isoform of PKC maintains, and it may be doing this by reducing GluA2 AMPAR subunit removal, which ultimately results to the sustainability of the synaptic strengthening that the fear learning originally induced. Reconsolidation After learning, fear memories are consolidated and store. However, they can be labile when reconsolidated. During the process of reconsolidation, the presentation of memory that is related with the environmental cue, for example, conditioned CS to activate memories and that also makes them labile. If a behavioral manipulation following memory reactivation occurs following memory activation such as post-training manipulations, the new labile memory is transformed (Shih Wu, 2017; Agren et al., 2017). In many past instances, the study of reconsolidation has been undertaken through systematic pharmacological manipulations. A finding by Sara reveals that the disruption of the consolidation of STM is done by protein synthesis stoppage in the LA (Elsey Kindt, 2017). Schafe and his counterparts also led the research that discovered that blockade of protein synthesis also affected reconsideration adversely subsequent to the recovery of well-consolidated fear memories (Schafe et al., 2001). These series of research have caught the attention of many people. Researchers need to consider using auditory fear conditioning to examine these processes as the understanding about fear memory consolidation is at an advanced stage. However, going by the available research, it is apparent that blockade of reconsolidation helps to bring down auditory conditioned and unconditioned stimulus that is evoked by neural responses. This means that when reconsolidation is blocked, auditory thalamic inputs to LA neurons are potentiated (Alberini et al., 2013; Agren et al., 2017). The modification of the memory using reconsolidation-related extinction has provided several positive outcomes. Recent research has demonstrated how prefrontal cortex and hippocampus interact and affect memory retrieval and consolidation. In a successive Go/No-Go training of rats, Gilbert and Kesner (2004) investigated the role of the hippocampus and (medial prefrontal cortex) mPFC in spatial paired-associate learning. They discovered that rats with ibotenic acid-based lesions in the hippocampus had signs of irrecoverable performance impairment in location-in-place and object-in-place arms. However, when these researchers inactivated mPFC using muscimol in normal animals with intact hippocampi, the same severe impairment seen in object-in-place arms was registered. This experiment confirmed that the hippocampus is needed for a biconditional paired-associate task when space is required. On the other hand, the mPFC is more selectively involved in the object-pace paired-associate task than in any other tasks (Schiller at al., 2013). Contribution of Rodent Studies A lot of evidence suggests that fear memory reconsolidation can be blocked; the testing has been done on animals only. However, two recent studies have given encouraging results for reconsolidation of emotional memories in some patients as well as in healthy volunteers (Keum Shin, 2016). The slow pace of human reconsolidation research has been brought about by the fact that many compounds that are used to block reconsolidation in animals are toxic to humans. Besides, pharmacological agents could adversely affect different measures of fear in man (Schiller at al., 2013). The encouraging results in results led Schiller and his team to try to translate combined reconsolidation and extinction techniques to humans (Schiller at al., 2013). They successfully replicated the finding that extinction training carried out ten minutes after reactivation (the reconsideration window) reduced fear, but it did not lead to spontaneous recovery or returned following a reinstated shock. The reduction in fear achieved from the reconsolidation- extinction techniques took only one year and relapsed. From a clinical standpoint, the results are encouraging. However, as at now, it is impossible to tell whether the techniques can change traumatic memories in patients suffering from various traumatic disorders such as anxiety disorders (Agren et al., 2017). Using Extinction-based Therapies The boundary that has existed between the basic and clinical research has begun to become smaller given the development in extinction and reconsolidation research. The increasing use of DCS to facilitate extinction was developed from rodent studies. Today, they are showing promise in studies for social anxiety disorder, phobia, OCD, and PTSD. Since it strengthens extinction, pharmacologically adjusts can reduce the relapse of fear memory. As the rodent studies suggest, many other compounds are can be used to strengthen or accelerate extinction. Some of them, according to researchers Graham and Richardson (2010) are fibroblast growth factor, yohimbine, and methylene blue. Other recent studies may provide the solution. One of them has suggested that extinction can be adduced by purely pharmacological means (Lissek et al., 2013). The rodent studies revealed that extinction in young rodents led to paradoxical approach behaviors to the CS. When researchers conditioned rats to fear simple tones by associating them with electronic shock, they began the extinction phase. They discovered that more BLA-NAC activity could lead to extinction learning. When they gave rats food in the presences of the previously feared tone, this resulted in decreased spontaneous recovery of fear. The amygdala modulates the fear response in many functional magnetic resonance imagings (fMRI). This discovery can be used to treat childhood traumas. Research shows these strategies have been effective in children. The rodent study show that the development switches that control the permanence of these memories can be changed successfully (Lissek et al., 2013). The amygdale is well-known for playing a central role in the acquisition and expression of fear. Recent research has, however, implicated it in the extinction of fear memories. According to research, the amygdala corporate is regulated by the venromedial prefrontal cortex (PFCvm). When the hippocampus learns about the context of acquisition, it modulates the expression and extinction of the memories in relation to that particular context (Fuster, 2015). Limitations of Extinction Clinical treatment based on extinction has proven that this approach has several weaknesses. First, it relies on negative prediction errors that only be depended on if the CS predicted the US consistently. In most cases, highly feared outcomes take place infrequently or do not take place at all. A man who fears the heights, for example, can maintain fear despite never falling (Agren et al., 2017). The next limitation is that there is always a little correlation between memory strength and behavioral measures. A fear condition in rodents, for instance, clearly shows that between-session recovery of the CT cannot be predicted by within-session decreases in the CR. Extinction procedures also render the CS ambiguous. This may lead to unfavorable a situation for people with a verse ambiguity and uncertainty. Research has found that people with high self-reported intolerance of uncertainty express higher spontaneous recovery after extinction (Agren et al., 2017). Extinction can also relapse and is highly dependent on the context in which it occurs. By combining extinction and reconsolidation, it is possible to have a greater understanding of this concept. Intracellular processes can evidently interfere with reconsolidation after memory retrieval. However, there is also evidence that behavioral manipulations after memory reactivation can also change the memory of fear. A good example is extinction training. Through repeated presentation of the stimulus without using the US, this training helps to bring temporal memory extinction. If the same individual is exposed to a new context or the US, the memory can be revived. Extinction, therefore, often do not generalize beyond the therapy room, which is the cause of high relapse rates for PTSD and anxiety (Agren et al., 2017). Conclusion The last few decades have witnessed a significant increase in the interest of medical experts in the neural mechanisms of Pavlovian extinction. With adequate extinction, rats, people, and other subjects respond to the conditioned stimulus in a manner that suggests they have never been conditioned. As this analysis has demonstrated, many recent research studies have indicated that extinguished fear responses relapse following an aversive event, with time, or when the conditioned stimulus is presented in a different context, which is behavioral evidence that extinguishing fear does not erase all the memories. All it does is generate an inhibitory memory that temporarily suppresses the expression of fear. This paper has revealed that many modern researchers characterize the neural mechanism of inhibition, focus on the amygdala, hippocampus as well as prefrontal cortex to try to solve the problem of memory fears. Since this theory allows for a relapse, it is clearly not effective. The re medy, for that reason, is for experts to continue working on finding advanced behavioral methods that can modify the original fear memory permanently. References Agren, T., Bjrkstrand, J., Fredrikson, M. (2017). Disruption of human fear reconsolidation using imaginal and in vivo extinction. Behavioural Brain Research, 319, 9-15. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2016.11.014 Alberini, C. M., Johnson, S. A., Ye, X. (2013). Memory Reconsolidation. Memory Reconsolidation, 81-117. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-386892-3.00005-6 Elsey, J. W., Kindt, M. (2017). Tackling maladaptive memories through reconsolidation: From neural to clinical science. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory. doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2017.03.007 Fuster, J. M. (2015). Anatomy of the Prefrontal Cortex. The Prefrontal Cortex, 9-62. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-407815-4.00002-7 Gilbert, P. E., Kesner, R. P. (2004, January). Memory for objects and their locations: the role of the hippocampus in retention of object-place associations. Retrieved May 13, 2017, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14670357 Graham, B. M., Richardson, R. (2010). Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 Enhances Extinction and Reduces Renewal of Conditioned Fear. Neuropsychopharmacology, 35(6), 1348-1355. doi:10.1038/npp.2010.3 Guzman-Karlsson, M. C., Meadows, J. P., Gavin, C. F., Hablitz, J. J., Sweatt, J. D. (2014). Transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of Hebbian and non-Hebbian plasticity. Neuropharmacology, 80, 3-17. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.01.001 Jensen, T. E., Maarbjerg, S. J., Rose, A. J., Leitges, M., Richter, E. A. (2009). Knockout of the predominant conventional PKC isoform, PKC, in mouse skeletal muscle does not affect contraction-stimulated glucose uptake. AJP: Endocrinology and Metabolism, 297(2). doi:10.1152/ajpendo.90610.2008 Keum, S., Shin, H. (2016). Rodent models for studying empathy. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 135, 22-26. doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2016.07.022 Kwok, S. M. (2009). In vivo visualization of CaMKII activity in ocular dominance plasticity. Lissek, S., Glaubitz, B., Uengoer, M., Tegenthoff, M. (2013). Hippocampal activation during extinction learning predicts occurrence of the renewal effect in extinction recall. NeuroImage, 81, 131-143. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.05.025 Nagarkatti, N., Deshpande, L., Delorenzo, R. (2009). PLASTICITY | The Role of Calcium in Mediating Neuronal Plasticity in Epileptogenesis. Encyclopedia of Basic Epilepsy Research, 1181-1189. doi:10.1016/b978-012373961-2.00324-6 Pape, H., Pare, D. (2010, April). Plastic Synaptic Networks of the Amygdala for the Acquisition, Expression, and Extinction of Conditioned Fear. Retrieved May 11, 2017, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2856122/ Pavlov, I. P. (1902). The work of the digestive glands. London: Griffin. Sacktor, T. C. (n.d.). PKMzeta, LTP maintenance, and the dynamic molecular biology of memory storage. Retrieved May 11, 2017, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18394466 Schafe, G. E., Nader, K., Blair, H. T., LeDoux, J. E. (2001, September). Memory consolidation of Pavlovian fear conditioning: a cellular and molecular perspective. Retrieved May 11, 2017, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11506888 Schiller, D., Kanen, J. W., Ledoux, J. E., Monfils, M., Phelps, E. A. (2013). Extinction during reconsolidation of threat memory diminishes prefrontal cortex involvement. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(50), 20040-20045. doi:10.1073/pnas.1320322110 Shih, M., Wu, C. (2017). Gap Junctions Underlying Labile Memory. Network Functions and Plasticity, 31-50. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803471-2.00003-5 Tsukada, M. (2008). Interaction Between the Spatio-Temporal Learning Rule (Non Hebbian) and Hebbian in Single Cells: A Cellular Mechanism of Reinforcement Learning. INTECH Open Access Publisher. Tully, K., Bolshakov, V. Y. (2010, May 13). Emotional enhancement of memory: how norepinephrine enables synaptic plasticity. Retrieved May 11, 2017, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20465834

Emily Dickinson and Her Social Seclusion free essay sample

Dickinson’s I Dwell in Possibility is one great example of how the poet transforms finite to infinite through the imaginative world of poetry. Through the use of metaphors, Dickinson has shown how domestic images such as house, chambers, roof, doors and windows can be extended to infinite imaginations in the poetic world. The â€Å"fairer House† (line 2) serves as a metaphor for poetry and the â€Å"Visitors† (line 9) who are the fairest may be a metaphor for the readers of poetry. The first four lines compare poem and prose by saying poem is more â€Å"superior† (line 4) as it has more â€Å"windows† and â€Å"doors†Ã¢â‚¬â€suggesting that poems are subject to more flexible interpretations. The second stanza talks of how this fairer house can be extended to nature such as â€Å"Cedars† (line 5) and â€Å"the Sky† (line 8). The final stanza reveals writing poems as the speaker’s â€Å"Occupation† (line 10). She opens the world of poetry by the â€Å"widening† of her â€Å"narrow hands†, which serves as a metaphor for the act of writing. We will write a custom essay sample on Emily Dickinson and Her Social Seclusion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Wide† and â€Å"narrow† form a pair of contrast while the repetition of fairness (fairer and fairest are used in the first and last stanza respectively) reiterates that poem is fairer than prose. Dickinson has portrayed the infinite possibilities of poetry through the use of domestic imagery: from the roof of the house to the infinite sky and from the finite hands to the â€Å"Paradise† of poetry. This echoes what Wordsworth claims, Poets choose incidents and situations from common life, and to relate or describe them, throughout, as far as possible in a selection of language really used by imagination, and at the same time, to throw over them a certain coloring aspect; whereby ordinary things should be presented to the mind in an unusual aspect. The loose syntax of the poem and the frequent use of dashes have added to the overall flexibility and the many ‘possibilities’ the poem has: I dwell in Possibility– A fairer House than Prose– More numerous of Windows– Superior–for Doors– Of Chambers as the Cedars– Impregnable of Eye– And for an Everlasting Roof The Gambrels of the Sky– Of Visitors–the fairest– For Occupation–This– The spreading wide my narrow Hands To gather Paradise– The myth of Dickinson’s isolation Interestingly, Dickinson’s seclusion from the society and physical â€Å"confinement† in a house is well-known (yet also often exaggerated), contrary to the free and liberal world that is depicted in her poem. The use of the first-person singular pronoun â€Å"I† without other personal pronouns such as you in I Dwell in Possibility also seems to suggest she had no intention of gaining readership for this poem. Most of her poems were also only discovered after her death in 1886 by her young sister Lavinia. Hence, it may imply that Dickinson could be writing just for her own pleasure. Nevertheless, it should also be noted that the extent of Dickinson’s seclusion may be exaggerated as staying in the household was a common practice for women in the 19th century. As a matter of fact, Dickinson was not deprived of social life. Her family was the pillar of the local community and their house was often used as a meeting place for distinguished visitors. According to Higginson, her mentor and literary critic, although Dickinson did feel awkward in some social situations, with her close friends and sisters she could easily indulge in innocent childlike humour. The fact that she wrote letters to her family, schoolmates and friends also shows she was not as socially secluded as it was claimed to be. Hence, her confinement in the domestic setting did not actually inhabit her from expressing her thoughts. In fact, it might have even helped her in surmounting her surroundings to achieve personal transcendence through poetry. The seemingly familiar household objects suddenly become unfamiliar under the magic of her â€Å"narrow hands†. Just like what most of the poets do, Dickinson had used some of the old and familiar terms in new ways such that readers (though not necessarily intended by Dickinson) inevitably have to take part in the active construction of meanings to interpret what each of the unfamiliar terms means. So why would critics exaggerate Dickinson’s seclusion? It has to do with their romantic fantasy of how a poet should look like — intelligent but arrogant, creative but reserved. It is the paradox that makes a poet a poet, the mystery that makes a poem appealing, even though they may not necessarily be realistic.