Strategic Analysis and Choice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words - 2

Strategic Analysis and Choice - Essay Example Once the company’s products have been identified and measured within the matrix it is then possible to determine the following objectives which are the framework for strategic management within an organization. Cash Cows: This part of the matrix represents the products that generate more cash than they require to operate. They will have a high market share, but exist in a low-growth market. As they generate cash they can be utilized in other parts of the business. Problem children (or question marks): These require cash inputs and function in a growing market where their market share should be maintained or increased. These products have a low market share but need cash subsidies to enable the market to build up and increase and make these products viable profit engines in the future. Stars: This element of the matrix exists in the fast growing market and has high market shares. They are the high achievers, but need constant cash injections in order to sustain the position they are in. After a time they will move into another area of the matrix. But whilst in the position of star they need continual harvesting. Dogs: Exist in the low growth market and have a low share of the market. They are often seen to have little purpose within an organization except to drain funds and are generally at the stage where they need to be divested or fall into liquidation. The tremendous impact this company has had is largely a result of its continued pursuit of low prices, for the benefit of retailers, manufacturers, the culture of shopping, the shape of our communities, and ensuring wages and employment costs are kept low. Wal-Mart is the largest company in the history of the world. Americans spend on average $26 million almost every hour at Wal-Mart, every day of the year. Because they sell at such low prices Wal-Mart is estimated to save US shoppers $10 billion a year. Although it must be added

Guitar Salon International Essay Example for Free

Guitar Salon International Essay The instrument I have chosen to research is the guitar. The history of the invention and manufacturing of this instrument can be traced as far back as 400 A. D, when Spain was occupied by the Romans. The guitar is seen as a direct descendent of the Roman tanbur or cithara; drawing influences from the Arabic ud and undergoing a number of modifications to finally become the acoustic or electric guitar that we see being used by some of today’s biggest artistes. The following two websites contain information about the history of the instrument and the manufacturing process: Guitar Salon International (www. guitarsalon. com) Fender Guitars (www. fender. com) The influence of the guitar on music performance is perhaps most evident in the evolution of rock n roll and blues. The music movement that began with Bo Diddley and gradually separated into myriad styles like grunge, pop rock and punk that have dominated the last fifty years or so of popular western music is heavily dependent on the guitar. Although the list of famous performers is an exhaustive one, the two names that really stand out are Jimi Hendrix and Buddy Guy, for their innovativeness and their lasting impact on pop culture. The creativity of the two artistes might be rooted in the fact that neither received any formal training. The following two websites contain all the relevant information from the artiste’s biography to the details of his releases and performances: www. jimihendrix. com www. buddyguy. net Music 2 Apart from the famous performers like Hendrix and Guy who revolutionized guitar playing, the instrument has also been utilized quite often by composers. Given the tonal range of the instrument, from the delicate acoustic sound to the raw, driven electric guitar sound, composers often write pieces intended to be performed on the guitar. Once again, if we look at the realm of pop culture, where cross medium interaction is abundant, two guitar pieces jump to mind for their resonance with the other content; the Top Gun theme and the guitar piece from Tarantino’s classic, Pulp Fiction. Harold Faltermeyer, the composer of the former is best known for his work in Top Gun and Beverly Hills Cop. The version of the Greek wedding song, Misirlou used in Pulp fiction was composed and performed by Dick Dale, the iconic guitar player who pioneered the Surf Rock movement. Detailed information on these two composers can be found on the following websites: www. dickdale. com www. haroldfaltermeyer. net The sheer volume of guitar pieces that have been composed over the years makes it near impossible to list the five most famous ones, but based on popular demand, here are the five that have captured the minds of listeners. Stairway to Heaven- Jimmy Page Eruption- Van Halen Free Bird- Allen Collins and Gary Rossington Eric Johnson- Cliffs of Dover Stevie Ray Vaughn- Texas Flood Music 3 The following two websites contain detail lists of the greatest guitar pieces of all time: www. guitarworld. com www. mahalo. com

Capital Punishment in the United States Essay -- Death Penalty Row Law

The death penalty is a controversial topic in the United States today and has been for a number of years. The death penalty is currently legal in 38 states and two federal jurisdictions (Winters 97). The death penalty statutes were overturned and then reinstated in the United States during the 1970's due to questions concerning its fairness (Flanders 50). The death penalty began to be reinstated slowly, but the rate of executions has increased during the 1990's (Winters103-107). There are a number of arguments in favor of the death penalty. Many death penalty proponents feel that the death penalty reduces crime because it deters people from committing murder if they know that they will receive the death penalty if they are caught. Others in favor of the death penalty feel that even if it doesn't deter others from committing crimes, it will eliminate repeat offenders. Death penalty opponents feel that the death penalty actually leads to an increase in crime because the death penalty desensitizes people to violence, and it sends the message that violence is a suitable way to resolve conflicts. Death penalty opponents also condemn the death penalty because of the possibility of an innocent person being put to death, and because it can be unfairly applied. Death penalty opponents feel that the death penalty must be abolished because it cheapens the value of human life. The death penalty desensitizes people to murder and violence because, by executing people, the state sends the message that violence is an acceptable means of resolving conflicts (Terrill). The death penalty also reduces the gravity of the loss of human life by making it legal for the state to kill people it deems to be beyond reform (Winters 57). Death penalty oppo... ...es, even though 80% of the population is in favor of it, because of the numerous ethical and practical issues that must be taken into consideration (Winters139-144). Experts on both sides of the argument have numerous statistics and studies to back up their claims and to refute the claims of their opponents. Death penalty supporters hold that the death penalty is a deterrent to crime, and brings justice to killers. However, death penalty opponents maintain that the death penalty does not deter criminals, and desensitizes people to violence. There are no easy answers to the questions surrounding the imposition of the death penalty in the United States. Thus one should pursue this question with an open mind and consider all sides of the argument, because as Thomas Jefferson once said, "difference of opinion leads to inquiry, and inquiry leads to truth" (Winters 11).

Grenada :: essays research papers

For a country as powerful as the United States, there comes a responsibility to protect its allies, neighbors, and supremely itself. However, there are times when this sense of responsibility misleads the U.S. into using force that is excessive or unnecessary. We are walking a fine line of political laissez-faire and obligation to intervene, but add the element of a  ¡Ã‚ °Lyndon Johnson ¡Ã‚ ¯s obsessive fear of the spread of Castro-style communism ¡Ã‚ ± (Musicant 363), and consequently, we will find ourselves resurrecting gun boat diplomacy and the Monroe Doctrine. Although under the veil of ensuring safety to our citizens, the invasion of Grenada is an example of where we overstepped our legal bounds, fabricated justifications and reacted without preparation, inconsiderate of the criticism which was definite to follow.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A main concern of the United States was its 1,000 citizens on the island. Of these citizens, 600 were medical students at St. George University. Because of the political turmoil, the U.S. stated to its public that the students and citizens on Grenada were in danger. President Reagan also stated to the press that there was no way for our citizens to get off the island. However, the State Department had issued a formal note to Grenada asking about the safety of its citizen, to which the minister of external affairs replied,  ¡Ã‚ ° The interest of the United States citizens are in no way threatened by the present situation ... which the Ministry hastens to point out is a purely internal affair ¡Ã‚ ±(Musicant 374). The Chancellor of the school, Charles Modica, was announcing that the students were in no danger, and that the school was expected to continue to have good relations with the  ¡Ã‚ °Government ¡Ã‚ ± (Weinberger 108). This display of good will coincid ed with the report Margaret Thatcher, Britian ¡Ã‚ ¯s Prime Minister, received from the Deputy High Commissioner in Bridgetown, Barbados, who had visited Grenada, that the British citizens were safe and that the new regime was cooperating in making arrangement for those who wished to leave(Thatcher 330). The same cooperation was being offer to the U.S., contradicting the President ¡Ã‚ ¯s statement, which was made long after notification from Grenada that Americans were free to leave on regular or charter flights. Also clearly in contradiction was Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North report to the press stating that the airports were open for two hour even the day before the invasion (Speakes 161-162). There was no evidence that the student or citizens were in any danger, except during the invasion.

High School and Extracurricular School Food Essay

This brief addresses â€Å"open† or â€Å"off † campus policies that allow high school students to go off campus to purchase and eat food during their lunch periods. The brief highlights issues related to open campus policies and complements the separate Legal Notes: Open Campus Lunch, which highlights some of the legal issues related to off campus lunch and the creation of effective policy addressing this matter. OPEN CAMPUS LUNCH POLICY DECISIONMAKERS Copies of Legal Notes: Open Campus Lunch, Mapping School Food, and other related materials are available on the Public Health Advocacy Institute website at: www.phaionline. org/schoolfood. For more on Potter Boxes, please review Mapping School Food. A quick primer, Potter Boxes at a Glance, is also provided near the end of this brief. This issue brief and the legal notes will help you craft your own Potter Box—a decision-making matrix—that provides a legal and social framework and helps identify key legal access points directed towards reaching your policy goal. This brief defines an open or off campus policy as one that allows select or all students to leave campus during the lunch period to purchase or consume food and beverages. Therefore, a school with a â€Å"modified† policy that only allows certain students who meet specified requirements to go off campus is considered to have an open campus policy. This brief defines a closed campus policy as one that does not allow any students to leave campus during lunch or any other time during the school day. The focus of this brief is on high schools, although research and data that extend to elementary and middle school students were evaluated in preparation of this brief. Open and closed campus policies can be set at the state level by a state board of education or by the state’s education code. Typically, policies are set at the district level by the school district board. The district can create base guidelines establishing an open campus, but it can additionally allow the principal at each school the authority to make provisions or decide under certain circumstances whether or not to allow off campus privileges. In California, for instance, the Stockton Unified School District board policy makes detailed provisions for open campuses but gives the school principal the power to completely close campus if there are specific reasons to do so. In addition to board members, the superintendent is a key decision-maker because he or she must implement the board’s policies. Off campus policies can also be set at the school level by the principal. See legal notes, School Structure, Power, and Responsibility: From State Laws to High School Handbooks, for additional information. Open campus lunch laws and policies do not exist in a vacuum. Policy goals, community support, and specific situational facts must be taken into consideration or the law or policy can be rendered useless, harmful, or ignored. OPEN AND CLOSED CAMPUSES BY THE NUMBERS High schools tend to have unhealthier school food environments than elementary schools. Open and closed school campus policies have the potential to affect students’ health, safety, and security, as well as to influence the school environment itself in these 1 Open Campus Lunch Off the Map: Extracurricular School Food areas. The 2006 School Health Policies and Programs Study showed that nationwide 71. 1 percent of high school districts and 73. 1 percent of high schools had a closed campus policy where students could not leave campus during lunch or at any other time during the school day (compared with 65. 9 and 73. 4 percent, respectively, in 2000). This is similar to a finding of about 25 percent of high schools having open campuses obtained in spring 2005 by the third School Nutrition Dietary Assessment Study (SNDA-III). Percentages can vary by state and study. A 2003 survey of California high schools found that 46 percent had open campuses, the same as it found in its 2000 survey. We conducted a small, informal survey with people who provided input for Mapping School Food and who impact the school food environment in Arkansas, California, Massachusetts, and Mississippi. We also reviewed notes from interviews conducted in 2007 in preparation for Mapping School Food. The results of the survey are anecdotal evidence to enhance this brief and cannot be generalized. A little under one fifth of those surveyed stated that the school or district they worked with had an open campus policy. Some did not have open campuses because they worked primarily with younger students not yet in high school. There is a strong link between a student’s dietary behavior and his or her risk of becoming overweight. Students should eat less low-nutrient, energy-dense foods and beverages and more fruits, vegetables, and low- or no-fat milk. A study of Minnesota secondary school students found a strong link between frequency of eating fast food and â€Å"poorer food choices,† resulting in more fatty and sugary foods—and less fruits, vegetables, and milk—consumed. Most of those we surveyed felt that food and beverages obtained through concession stands, fundraisers, school stores, and off campus lunch periods were unhealthy, and over half believed that students would purchase healthier foods if they were available. They thought that most of their students who bought food and beverages near campus did so at chain fast food establishments and minimarts with prepared foods. Depending on what is offered in the cafeteria and school, closing the campus for lunch could eliminate the fast food option and help strengthen good food choices. Foods subsidized by federal programs must comply with certain nutrition regulations and generally are called program foods, while all other school food generally can be considered non-program or competitive foods. For more information, see Mapping School Food, particularly Appendix: Federal School Meal Programs and its Legal Practitioner’s Point. The United States Department of Agriculture’s SNDA-III found that students who participated in  the National School Lunch Program (NSLP) were more likely to consume fruits, vegetables, and milk. Correspondingly, non-participants were more likely to consume snacks, desserts, and beverages like sodas during the lunch period. Policy changes that restricted non-program foods, meaning food obtained through school stores, snack bars, and a la carte options, resulted in a reduction of sugar-sweetened beverages consumed by middle and high school youth. Closed high school campuses also were linked to an increase in eating vegetables. However, these initial analyses from the dataset collected during the 2004–2005 scholastic year must be taken into consideration with one finding of no strong association between school food policies and high school students’ obesity risk. Continued research into this rich data set is necessary to clarify and further inform these analyses. Policymakers should explore if closing campuses for lunch will improve healthier choices and eating habits. The 2003 California High School Fast Food â€Å"The food environment surrounding schools could easily negate school food policies and health education in the classroom, especially in high schools with an open campus policy that allows students to leave campus during their lunch break. † STURM (2008) STUDENT HEALTH, NUTRITION, EATING PATTERNS, AND SCHOOL FOOD The school environment is an important sphere in the development of dietary behavior. Policymakers should craft school food laws or rules that encourage healthier options while restricting unhealthier options. They also should assess open campus lunch policies because these policies can affect policy goals regarding the school food environment. 2 Open Campus Lunch Off the Map: Extracurricular School Food Survey found indications that schools with an open campus lunch policy reported less participation in the NSLP compared to schools with closed campus policies. The SNDA-III reported that 14 percent of high school students who were interviewed about what they ate on a certain day reported that they did not participate in the NSLP because they went off campus to eat lunch. Thus, there is the possibility that closed campus policies could encourage increased NSLP participation and healthier eating habits. Open and closed campus lunch policies must be examined further in the context of their relationship to school food and student health. There is also a perception issue that demands attention. Regarding open campus lunch policies, one Massachusetts Food Service Director commented, â€Å"It sends the message that school food is not as good as fast food and also there are a great deal of safety issues involved with leaving and returning. † Some students may perceive a certain stigma with regard to cafeteria food—particularly program foods—which must be corrected. CLUSTERING OF FAST FOOD ESTABLISHMENTS, RACIAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC DISPARITIES food or other establishments clustering around the school should evaluated. School policy must also consider student subgroups that could be disparately impacted by the clustering of fast food establishments and/or the adverse health effects of overweight. Studies show that fast food restaurants cluster within easy walking distance around schools. A recent study of middle and high schools in California found a direct relationship between fast food establishments being near those schools and the students being overweight. It also found that students within walking distance of fast food restaurants were significantly less likely to say they had eaten fruits or vegetables and more likely to have consumed soda. The study did find a larger association of overweight being associated with fast food proximity for Black students which it did not find with other racial and ethnic minority student populations. It also found the same increased association for students in urban schools. Overweight is a health indicator displaying significant disparities amongst racial and ethnic minority youth, as certain groups have higher risks of obesity and resultant health problems compared with others. Studies also have indicated that low-income and racial minority students can tend to live in communities with less safe streets, poorer facilities, and/or greater access to low-nutrient, energy-dense foods and less access to healthy foods. One study examined high and middle schools and their proximity to restaurants, convenience stores, snack stores, and liquor stores. Observing racial and socioeconomic variances, it found that Hispanic students are more likely to go to schools within close Open campus and other school policies should aid student development in all areas including nutrition and health. Fast food availability around schools encourages consumption of low-nutrient, energydense food and could influence students’ developing decision-making skills and habits regarding nutrition. When crafting school policy, the significance of fast â€Å"While it is important to respect adolescents’ increasing autonomy and decisionmaking skills, research clearly shows that food availability is one of the strongest correlates of food choices in adolescents. † NEUMARK – SZTAINER ET AL . (2005) In study results published in 2005, over a thousand, mostly suburban, high school students were surveyed across twenty high schools in a region in Minnesota. At least six of the high schools had an open campus policy. The study found that students on an open campus were â€Å"significantly more likely† to get their lunches from fast food establishments and convenience stores. It also found that students in upper grade levels purchased lunch from convenience stores or fast food restaurants with greater frequency than students in lower grade levels. The study concluded that school food policies that limit access to low-nutrient, energy-dense foods and beverages are linked with students purchasing these types of food and beverages less frequently. 3 Open Campus Lunch Off the Map: Extracurricular School Food walking distance of those types of establishments. That particular study did not find such strong associations among other racial groups, except with regard to liquor stores. Another study published in early 2009 found that fast food restaurants in New York were concentrated in commercial areas and in predominantly Black communities in both low-income and more affluent areas. More data and studies are needed to clarify the relationship between different establishments’ proximity to schools and student eating patterns—and how racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, and other factors are related to fast food establishment clustering, overweight, and health risks. Still, these factors newly have been considered in local land use law, and they should be considered when crafting current school policy. In Los Angeles, an ordinance recently passed that puts a one year moratorium on building new fast food establishments in areas of South Los Angeles, which have large Latino and Black communities. The ordinance was significantly motivated by the city council’s concerns about how the proliferation of fast food restaurants escalate socioeconomic problems in low-income neighborhoods—and this proliferation’s impact on food security and children’s health and nutrition. Hopefully, the moratorium will provide time for more permanent regulatory controls to be put in place. See legal notes, Legal Interventions—Holistic Considerations, for additional information. LOCAL BUSINESSES AND ENVIRONMENT go off campus for lunch, said that local businesses donate money to the school, and a closed campus policy would likely cause the loss of those donations. However, in our informal survey, the few people that did work with schools that received donations from local businesses that sell food or beverages did not feel that those donations were a necessary part of the school’s overall budget. When constructing your Potter Box, the facts of the situation will clarify specific concerns, such as local establishments’ reliance on youths’ lunch money and whether these businesses donate or contribute to the high school(s) to an extent that it could impact policy decisions. Local businesses therefore can be attuned to the school’s schedule and policies. â€Å"We always know when kids aren’t going to be in school,† a pizza manager told a newspaper. â€Å"When kids are home from school they’re ordering pizzas, so we schedule another driver. † Local businesses also may contribute to the schools in non-monetary ways like monitoring and reporting student behavior. Antioch Unified School District in California is starting a â€Å"We Tip† program where local businesses are encouraged to report truancy. Improved average daily attendance results in more monetary support from the government. Programs like â€Å"We Tip† have to be measured against closed campus policies to see which is—or if both applied together are—more effective and beneficial to the school. Most of those we surveyed who had experience with off campus policies felt that such policies were popular with local businesses and students and, conversely, not popular at all with cafeteria staff and food service directors. They also thought their location and community could not accommodate an open campus lunch policy. The outflow of students during the lunch period may cause problems or potential hazards in the local area. Residents may be worried about students bringing large groups of their peers and congregating in homes or complexes. Schools in rural areas may not have businesses nearby. Off campus lunch can be viewed as a valuable revenue stream for local businesses. One â€Å"highly profitable† fast food location up for sale advertised in 2007 as a factor in its value that it is located next to â€Å"a high school which allows off campus lunch time to their students. † These businesses may in turn make donations or otherwise support the school. The school’s perception of the value of these local business donations could conflict with instituting healthier school food initiatives. A principal from Modoc County, California, who estimated that 80 percent of students 4 Open Campus Lunch. Off the Map: Extracurricular School Food SAFETY ISSUES, TIME, AND CAR ACCIDENTS Safety issues also factor into determining open and closed campus policy. One Californian who works in nutritional education emphasized that safety issues were concerns â€Å"especially at the high school where there is an open campus. † Newspapers report incidents like fighting, fatal car accidents, mugging, substance abuse and arrest, and sexual assault as occurring off campus during lunch periods. Although these incident rates may be relatively small, each incident can have a significant impact on the school and its students. Time is a considerable factor in evaluating a policy’s safety and feasibility. The lunch period may be too short for students to reasonably go off campus for lunch. An overwhelming number of those we surveyed thought that there was not enough time for students to go off campus, buy and eat lunch, and return on time. Some of those surveyed reported having as little as twenty minutes allotted for lunch, and a student article, discussed below in Student Input and Support, averaged a 37 minute high school lunch period. Schools with open campus policies should monitor whether or not the policy affects afternoon tardiness or truancy. Also, time issues may encourage unhealthier eating off campus. One Virginia public high school has an â€Å"Off-Site Lunch Contract Senior Privilege Form† as part of its off campus lunch driver permit. The contract stresses that this is a privilege, limited to seniors and extended lunch days. It requires students not to travel alone, sets area restrictions, and states, â€Å"There is plenty of variety in fast food establishments within the boundaries provided. Students should choose establishments that can serve within five to ten minutes of your arrival. You should allow at minimum 15 minutes of driving/parking time. † In granting the privilege to go off campus for lunch, the school policy seems to encourage students to eat fast food in order for the policy to operate smoothly and for students to return on time. Traffic accidents are a major concern for many high schools. Student drivers add to lunchtime traffic congestion, and students driving to pick up lunch may rush back to class. A study of three North Carolina counties over four years found that there was a â€Å"significantly higher† rate of risk for car accidents during open campus lunch periods compared to any other time of the day and compared to a county with closed campus lunch. There were also more passengers in the cars during lunch period accidents. Safety concerns and student fatalities during lunch periods have resulted in the proposal of two New York State assembly bills designed to regulate off campus policy. Student injuries and death that occurred while the students were off campus during the lunch period also have resulted in lawsuits being brought against school districts and officials. See legal notes, Open Campus Lunch Tort Concerns and School Structure, Power, and Responsibility: From State Laws to High School Handbooks, for more information. CAFETERIA AND CAMPUS CONCERNS— ADEQUATE TIME, FACILITIES, SUPERVISION, AND BUDGET Closing an open campus may give high schools the ability to refocus school food issues like cafeteria breakfast, lunch, vendors, and water fountains. One Arkansas School District Nurse commented, â€Å"My districts do not want anything on campus that competes with the federal lunch program. † A closed campus could assist in a comprehensive approach to improving school food and offering healthy food choices on campus. What are the practical considerations when closing an open campus? About half of those surveyed who had experience with open campus lunch policies thought their school or district, as it stood, could provide lunch to all its students. A few specifically suggested that schools would need to improve food options in cafeterias, extend the lunch periods, and expand and renovate facilities for food preparation. A school or district deciding to close a campus for lunch needs to ensure the necessary resources are in place before the policy is implemented. 5 Open Campus Lunch Off the Map: Extracurricular School Food. The high school or district needs to determine whether the cafeteria and campus can adequately handle a closed campus. For example: What kinds of burden will the additional students who used to go off campus for lunch put on the cafeteria? Factors include: Time. Adequate time to eat lunch is a concern in the cafeteria just as much as it is off campus. One California food services staff exclaimed, â€Å"30 minutes to serve 3,000! † Some cafeterias have to stagger their lunch periods, with students eating lunch anywhere from 10:30 a. m. to 2:00 p. m. The 2006 School Health Policies and Programs Study found students on average have 22. 8 minutes to eat lunch once seated. It also found an increase in school districts that required a â€Å"minimum seating time† for eating lunch once seated. Facilities. This includes cafeteria space, kitchen and food production capacity, etc. The school might want to consider renovations that would help accommodate more and even healthier food options or improve the flow of students getting their food. Facilities also include fences and other structures that may be necessary to control a closed campus. A California principal anticipated, â€Å"All 1,200 students eat at the same time and it would be a nightmare to serve all of these students with the current setup. † A California Nutrition Educationalist stated, â€Å"Closing the campus at the high school has been discussed numerous times in the past with the results always being that it would be too difficult to close campus and we are lacking in facilities to accommodate the students. † Supervision. School officials have a duty to supervise the students on campus. When deciding whether to close a campus, it should be deter-mined whether there are enough resources and staff to adequately supervise the students during the lunch period. Also, can students leaving and entering the campus be adequately supervised? Budget. Foreseeable costs incurred by staff or facilities changes need to be supported by already overextended school budgets. Among the school food decision-makers we informally surveyed, the top two concerns to their district or school were the school budget and the school food budget. This could be a potential barrier to closing a campus. However, closing a school’s campus could be seen as an investment in student health, safety, and perhaps monetary return. Most of those we surveyed with open campus lunch policy experience thought that a closed campus would increase cafeteria profit, and none of them thought it would decrease profit. Specific research may be needed for an advocate to determine whether and by how much a closed campus policy could increase cafeteria revenues. Potential impact on student health should also be evaluated. For example: How will closing campus affect students’ eating patterns both on campus and outside of school? What are the choices on a closed campus and how healthy are they? What changes can be made to offer a variety of healthier, appealing food choices? One high school in Missouri was able to close its campus after it moved into a newly built structure that could accommodate serving food to all the students and staff. Yet closing a campus for lunch does not necessarily keep fast food away, as the food services supervisor contemplated using vendors such as Pizza Hut and Quiznos—in part because â€Å"it helps out the community merchants. † â€Å"Our food service program operates in the black now, whereas it never did before,† said Kevin Ivers, Bridgman’s superintendent, noting that the high school had added a second lunch period to reduce lines, and overhauled the menu to introduce quesadillas, yogurt, salads and fruit. â€Å"That enables us to put more money into the classrooms. † NEW YORK TIMES ( MAY 2008) A 2008 New York Times article noted that school districts in New York and nationwide were instituting closed campus lunch policies due to car accident-related deaths, injury, and truancy. The Times also anecdotally interviewed specific high schools where closing campuses for lunch had improved attendance for post-lunch classes, increased cafeteria sales by in some cases over 10 percent and 22 percent, and turned a food service program operating at a loss into a profitable one. However it also cited concerns that closed campus lunch policies were part of a trend in restricting youths and hindering their decision-making experiences. 6 Open Campus Lunch Off the Map: Extracurricular School Food STUDENT INPUT AND SUPPORT. Student input and support are critical to a successful closed campus lunch policy. School lunch is a popular topic for high school students. LA Youth, an online student journal that reaches half a million Los Angeles County youth, published an informal survey a few years ago where student reporters found out â€Å"What’s for Lunch? † in their high schools. Examining twenty four public and private high schools in Southern California, it found that lunch on average lasts thirtyseven minutes. About two thirds of schools had vendors in cafeterias or push carts, and most schools had open campus policies for seniors. Only about four schools had a fully closed campus. The survey also noted types of vendors (Subway, Pizza Hut, and Dominos being the most common), cafeteria menus (Mexican food and sandwiches being popular), and cafeteria food prices. Many students may balk at a closed campus policy, seeing it as restricting their freedom and taking away a reward for good grades, attendance, or other open campus policy requirements. A Californian nursing manager described the toughest obstacles to changing open campus policy as the â€Å"objections of community stores and restaurants and student protests. † Students may be more likely to advocate for open campus policies. After two high school students approached the School Committee, a Massachusetts high school started an off campus pilot program open to only seniors in good standing. At the time, key issues or concerns with the program were safety, student initiative/input, incentives for students to improve grades and behavior, monetary impact on school food, student nutrition, â€Å"rewarding children with junk food,† and potentially teaching responsibility and time management. While the pilot program and these issues were being discussed in 2004, the high school currently allows seniors who meet certain requirements off campus lunch privileges. Other students have opened up online forums such as MySpace message boards to discuss and protest their school’s attempts to close their campus for lunch. An advocate seeking to change a high school or district’s off campus lunch policy may consider surveying or interviewing students to find out what is important to them so as to determine potential sources of student support. These tools also could be useful in  finding what influences students’ food and beverage choices—such as cost, certain tastes, convenience— in order to make healthy choices in school food more appealing. Another LA Youth article discussed a student having informal weekly potlucks with friends that focused on â€Å"food adventure† and not on eating healthier foods. This could nonetheless spark ideas and discussions about using similar methods to promote healthier eating programs and deciding what types of equipment could be helpful, such as microwaves and secured refrigerators. Other student newspapers have covered open campus policies. One student reporter, who found that fifteen out of twenty students surveyed ate daily at Jack in the Box, Wendy’s, or McDonald’s, recommended that her high school â€Å"ban off-campus lunch, and improve the food in our school cafeteria. † Most of those we surveyed were involved with schools that had nutrition education programs. Perhaps encouraging student-led nutritional education projects to supplement or strengthen existing nutrition education programs could lead to some innovative ideas, positive results, and student support for policies like closed campus lunch. LACK OF ENFORCEMENT AND LEADERSHIP The number one obstacle to implementing the type of food program desired by those surveyed was lack of enforcement of school food policies. The next two obstacles were lack of resources and time constraints in the budget’s timeline. One person surveyed recommended to â€Å"put in policies a way of enforcing any regulations that are mandated. † Another who worked in food service in California suggested â€Å"tougher penalties. † A community health nurse specialist in Arkansas pointed to the relationship between leadership and enforcement: â€Å"Leadership in schools has to enforce the school’s policies or the policy is ineffective. † A food service director in Massachusetts stated, â€Å"Lack of funding has resulted in lack of good leadership for the district. Policies on safety, wellness, etc. , have taken a back seat to teacher loss and budget cuts. With our school budget in a deficit and no town support for an over-ride, my personal feeling is we will keep losing students to school choice and private schools. † For legal analysis on building enforcement and accountability into school policy, see legal notes, Enforcement Issues and Possible Enforcement Mechanisms. 7 Open Campus Lunch Off the Map: Extracurricular School Food. OTHER POLICY CHANGE CONCERNS Sources describe open campus lunch for students as a â€Å"privilege. † Policymakers and advocates should stress that off campus lunch is not a right or requirement. If the policy has academic achievement, attendance, and/or other requirements, this policy is also characterized as a reward for students. Advocates may want to consider suggesting alternate rewards. While wellness policies generally do not address off campus lunch policies, perhaps the two should be integrated in order to frame the off campus issue as one of student health. One superintendent told a newspaper that it was â€Å"hard for one campus to have one rule and another campus to have another. ‘We don’t want advantages or disadvantages to going one way or the other. ’† Students also have stated that it was unfair if their campus was closed and neighboring high school students could go off campus for lunch. Perhaps consider a comprehensive district ban. Tradition or culture may be obstacles to changing the policy. As a food service director from Massachusetts noted, â€Å"Change is never easy. We do not have off campus lunch. However, I worked in a school that did previously and it was very difficult to change even though it was discussed every year! † YOUR NEXT STEPS To help you with your next steps, this issue brief provides factors that will help you construct your own Potter Box about off campus lunch policy. Hopefully, this brief, the accompanying legal piece, and Mapping School Food will provide you with a strong foundation upon which to construct policy that fulfills your own goals. A blank Potter Box for you to fill out is provided on page 12 of Mapping School Food, or you can make your own. You may also want to consult the Model Decision-Maker Potter Box on page 13 and the other filled-in Potter Boxes in Mapping School Food. POTTER BOXES AT A GLANCE BOX 2 Values and Tools BOX 1 Excerpts from Mapping School Food: The Potter Box is a four-part square that can help you make informed decisions. While the Potter Box cannot make a decision for you, it can help clarify your options and why you would choose one option over another. We have adapted the Potter Box to help you clarify the interactions between the many factors that affect school food decisions and critique the different factors that affect your own decision making. This modified version of the Potter Box can†¦help you understand the law and to identify key decision-makers. It also demonstrates how the law plays out in real-world situations and the assumptions and concerns that various decision-makers bring to bear on school food policy. Facts List all the facts known about the situation or problem. List the factors that drive your school food decisions. What are the elements that you need to consider when making decisions? What tools do you typically use? How are the solutions to the problem evaluated?

Proud and intensely individual, I really want to s Essays

Proud and intensely individual, I really want to s Essays Leo Proud and intensely individual, I really want to stand out, to be the very best I can be, and to be recognized and appreciated for my unique contributions. Doing something well and being respected for it is extremeluy important to me and I cannot tolerate being in the background, taking orders from otheres, or being jsut one of the team. I must put my personal stamp on whatever I do, and direct my own course in life. I need to have a place where I can shine, express myself creativelym, and be the one in charge. I have big drezms and determination, spirit, vitality, and enthusiam to bring them into being. I also have a noble romantic heart, and a love of the dramatic, colorful, and wxtravagant. For me it is true that all the world's a stage and I secretely ( or perhaps not so secretely) desire to be the Star or Hero in the play. I want to be great and to receive the lkove and applause of an adoring audience evein if the audience is just one other special person. I need someone to believe in me and my dreams. Though I appear radiantly self-confident and independent, I am actually very much depenbdent on the affirmation, love. and recognition of others. I cannot bear the thought of being unnoticed or unappreciated. I also love wholeheartedly and genrerously and really know how to make the person I love feel special. I love the magin of being in love and know how to keep the romance alive in the relationship. I am also immensely loyal and will defend my loved ones and stand by them to the end-as kibg as they never offent my pride or betray my trust. HowevermI like to be the strong one in a relationship and I really do not share the leading role very easily. Ideally, I need to find a person who is as strong-willed as myself, but who will not tryt to dominate or compete with me. My strengths are my zest and love for life, my creative power, and my warm and generous heart. My primary fault is my tendency to be very egocentric, so concerned with the impression I am making and with my own creative self-expression that I forget there is another, larger world that down not revolve around me. Bibliography Fox, Kellie.

Harold Krebs in Soldiers Home Essay Example

Harold Krebs in Soldiers Home Essay Example Harold Krebs in Soldiers Home Essay Harold Krebs in Soldiers Home Essay In Ernest Hemingway’s â€Å"Soldier’s Home† Harold Krebs, a U.S Marine returns home from fighting in World War I to his small town in Oklahoma. The reader experiences the hardships and struggles Harold faces while adjusting to his new reality back home. The short story reflects Harold’s attempt at reintegration while struggling to reconcile his experience at war, with the society he returns to. He has clearly been affected emotionally and mentally by the atrocities of war, so very foreign to his family and community. When Harold returns home from war, everything feels like a struggle for him. The simplest of tasks become exhausting as he struggles to cope. Even his routine of waking up, washing, shaving, dressing and eating was complicated by his mother’s desire for interaction. Harold noticed that the girls left behind when he went to war were much older now, and while he found them more attractive than European girls, he didn’t findâ€Å"the courage or the energy to break into it† with the local girls due to the complication of having to interact with them (167).The lack of structure and employment resulted in Harold creating his own routine to reduce stress, â€Å"sleeping late in bed, getting up to walk downtown to the library to get a book, eating lunch at home, reading on the front porch until he became board and then walking down through the town to spend the hottest hours of the day in the cool dark of the pool roomin the evening he practiced on his clarinet, stroll ed downtown, read, and went to bed† (168) all without meaningful connection with other people in his life. : Prior to his return, post World War I, civilians idolized soldiers and wanted to only recount the heroic and uplifting stories. Harold returned home with the second division, leaving towns folk already having heard stories of the war’s atrocities, requiring Harold to lie to get a response. Harold â€Å"..felt the need to talk [about the war] b

Death Lore Texas Rituals, Superstitions, and Legends of the Hereafter

Death Lore Texas Rituals, Superstitions, and Legends of the Hereafter Untiedt looks at some of the key aspects that encompass death, dying and other aspects. He affirms that death is familiar and universal to all societies in the world. Thus, this has ensured that there are tales, activities and even beliefs that involve death. These aspects cannot be separated from each other because they encompass uncertainty and anxiety.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Death Lore: Texas Rituals, Superstitions, and Legends of the Hereafter specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Most people do not talk about death because it is perceived as a taboo. In fact, conversations avoid death aspects. Besides, it is a topic that fascinates all people in all societies. Although, writers have written on aspects of death, there are many aspects unknown to people. What does Death Lore entail? Therefore, fear, mystery and familiarity make death the focus of most folklore. This has seen the writing of many articles that try to address the issue of death. For instance, in Texas, publications on the same topic have facilitated folkloristic appreciation and understanding of the same. Besides, this is aimed at educating the people of their culture without interfering with values that are upheld in society. Hence, Death Lore encompasses a number of articles, recollections and other topics on death from other parts of the world (Untiedt, 1). Further, it links the same to the beliefs and values of the people of the state of Texas. Untiedt also explores the resting places of the dead people. For instance, he enlightens the people of Texas on the graveyards and all that go around them. Further, he looks at the challenges involved in cemetery space allocation. Besides, Untiedt brings out some of the bizarre wishes that are made by families of the dead people. What does death encompass? Moreover, the Untiedt highlights some of the death process and the ceremonies that follow thereafter. Besides, he addresses some rituals that are done for the dead. This is achieved through the use of narratives. He also incorporates the work of other authors such as Massingills and Oden to highlight the worth of death lore for the people in various societies. In fact, death Lore highlights different perspectives about death in various societies. Therefore, there is the likelihood of raising many questions rather than giving answers. It has not been able to address some of the aspects that encompass the Texas Death lore. For example, death has not been explored in the computer age (Untiedt, 288). However, this does not deter a person from appreciating all that has been done by authors like Ward and Rushing.Advertising Looking for article on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Is the research done in the field of Death Lore enough? What is more, there are gaps regarding the Texas Death lore. This has been intentionally left to facilit ate other researches on the same topic. This would also act, as a motivator, to ensure that people are involved in carrying out research. Furthermore, this will ensure that there is extra exploration in the field of death. Thus, there will be more sources with appropriate and valid data to be used than before. In summary, Untiedt’s literature highlights the relationship between the fascination and taboos regarding death. This forms the foundation for further research on issues of death. Therefore, it gives other authors a challenge that needs to be solved. In fact, his work encourages others to find anecdotal and analytic issues that underpin deaths in societies. Untiedt, Kenneth. â€Å"Death Lore: Texas Rituals, Superstitions, and Legends of the Hereafter.† Journal of American Folklore (2008): 288- 290. Print.

Consolidated Electric Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Consolidated Electric - Case Study Example Contrastingly, for the other 20,000 separate line items, the company will buy discount minimums that match the various inventory sizes. In the warehouses managed by Consolidated Electric, for instance, Cedar Rapids, Des Moines, Davenport, and Sioux City should ensure the fixed ratios are part of the wholesaler concept. In the same view, actual rations should be calculated using the clerk posts transactions because determining on-hand inventory balance will result to $1 million of pre-tax profits. Integration of the vendor-managed inventory (VMI) systems is equally part of increasing customer stocks as the company expands on operations and warehouse layout (Ravindran, 2007). Calculation of quantities and reorder points, thus, are ordered in terms of low-cost items in order to control profitability that are targets for earn-turn rations. Product lines should equally reflect what Joe Henry called a balance between constant values and supplies in the four warehouses as seen in the diagram below: The above inventory control system above will enable the company to meet customer-service and cost objectives in various ways worth noting. First, entering of electric data interchange is part of refining database connectivity because it generates earn-turn ratios that help wholesalers in different parts of the country. It means when the Cardex system is infused in the Consolidated Electric’s case, inventory formulas will help in the sale of product line items that ensure translations happen smoothly. Second, there is also the quantification of assets and label inventory using the QR Code as noted in the second diagram to keep the total count of stock (Jaber, 2009). Warehouse operations also deserve automations and controls that are efficient within the system to assist in the calculation of electrical equipment and goods for enhancing customer

Types of Reasoning. Problem Analysis using Duty-Oriented Reasoning Essay

Types of Reasoning. Problem Analysis using Duty-Oriented Reasoning - Essay Example Utilitarian reasoning is also known as end-result based reasoning technique. On the other hand, duty-oriented reasoning technique is also known as deontology (Motta). For the believers of deontology school of thought, it is necessary that they assume responsibility as an essential and the intention of the individual should be relevant to the context. Moreover, it is also important for the individual to possess prior knowledge about the subject before experiencing it, so that the individual is ready for any consequences. Utilitarian reasoning, on the other hand, requires an individual to determine the locus of righteous and wrongful deeds absolutely depending on the resultant of the reasoned action over other actions. Last but not the least, from an ethical point of view in a health care setting, using utilitarian reasoning indicates that work related behavior and attitude of individuals is characterized as quantitative and deductive approach. Whereas, duty-based reasoning used by ind ividuals indicates that work related behavior and attitudes can be characterized as qualitative and inductive approach towards ethics. 1(b): Problem Analysis using Duty-Oriented Reasoning Problem: A patient is admitted into the hospital and I am the on-call doctor available. The condition of the patient is severe and there are only 10% chances that the patient might survive, if he is admitted to Critical Care Unit (CCU) and a ventilator is installed, which gives that patient artificial life support. But keeping him on ventilator will be painful for the patient and might prolong the suffering of potential death. Principles Involved: Being a doctor, I took the oath of saving peoples’ lives. Therefore; it is the call of my duty to save the life of the patient in any case. Options Available: The options available to me are to admit that patient into CCU and make him suffer the pain of ventilator. Or, I can leave that patient in the emergency unit and let him die peacefully. Compa ring the Options: Role Duty: Putting the patient on ventilator might save him, which also allowed in the medical laws and policy frameworks. Beneficence: Ventilator might save the life of the patient but it will be painful for him. Once the patient recovers, he might fear the type of treatment he received. Nonmaleficence: It is my duty to provide relief to patients and do not put them in pain. But putting the patient on ventilator will put him in further pain and misery, where the chances of him recovering are less. Decision: Weighing the chances of patient to survive with the help of ventilator, against the chances of his immediate death, I have decided not admit the patient in CCU. The facility could be used for other patient who has more chances of survival, whereas the current patient would be saved to suffer more pain while admitted into CCU. 2. Veracity Truthfulness: Truthfulness in medical ethics refers to a situation where the doctor is required to tell the truth to the pati ents, no matter what will be consequences of the news. The concept of truthfulness requires the physicians not to lie to their patients and state the problem as it is. For example, if a person is found HIV positive, then his doctor/physician must communicate the diagnosed disease to the patient without thinking about the consequences. Autonomy Autonomy, in medical ethics, refers to the right of patients of freedom to know everything about the

The Difference in Cost and Quality of Care between Profit and not for Research Paper

The Difference in Cost and Quality of Care between Profit and not for Profit Hospitals - Research Paper Example In the last two decades, the healthcare in the United States of American has undergone immense structural changes leading to a visible proliferation of both for profit and not for profit healthcare institutions. At the same time, the other big development has been a rise of the concern for the achievement of ethical competency in the functioning and working of profit and not for profit healthcare institutions and organizations (Walshe & Smith, 2006, p. 85). This overall alteration in the business environment in the country has lead to an impetus for minimal reliance on the charity and philanthropic sources of capital and a preference for competency and competition in the long term financial working of the healthcare institutions and organizations. It goes without saying that it will be immensely revealing to study the impact of these developments in the cost and quality of care of for profit and not for profit hospitals. However, this endeavor, by its very nature necessities a pragma tic insight into the American healthcare system and the salient features and priorities of for profit and not for profit hospitals. Background American Healthcare System In the current times, the healthcare system in America is facing many problems and issues. America spends more money per person in healthcare than perhaps any other nation in the world. (Sultz & Young, 2010, p. 29). A large percentage of the national GDP in the United States of America is spent on healthcare because of the high costs involved (Sultz & Young, 2010, p. 29). The public healthcare expenditure of the United States of America stands to be the third highest in the world owing to the glaringly high cost of medical care in the country (Sultz & Young, 2010). The present and intended reforms in the healthcare system revolve around varied grave issues like the right to healthcare, quality of medical care, access to healthcare, and the efficiency and costs incurred by profit and not for profit hospitals. Though the Americans spend so much on healthcare, yet it is sad to acknowledge that America tends to lag behind many nations in the area of life expectancy and infant mortality (Sultz & Young, 2010, p. 4, 5). So the common citizens, institutions, organizations and the interested groups are getting wary about the fact that as to whether the system is delivering the value for money or not. It is utterly difficult to delve on the difference in cost and quality of care between profit and not for profit hospitals without taking into consideration the framework within which they operate and the targets they are primarily affiliated to. For Profit Hospitals-Salient Features In the United States, for profit hospitals are also known as the investor owned hospitals. They usually comprise of chains of investor owned hospitals that have infiltrated the healthcare system in the United States in the latter half of the 20th century. Realistically speaking, in contrast to the more traditional not for profit hospitals, for profit hospitals intend to accrue profits from the services provided by them (Cutler, 2000, p. 23). Those people, groups and corporate bodies who suppor t for profit hospi

Diary for one class-------- I will upload every think that you will Essay

Diary for one class-------- I will upload every think that you will need. You have to read the slides when it is need it and you - Essay Example 2. Health Illiteracy – Even if Maria’s children can get medical treatment, the disease have a possibility of recurrence because she is not aware on what causes the disease. Also, she needs to learn more about basics of health as well as family planning. The 4ps are product, price, place and promotion. For product, the information that Maria needs is birth-control methods and hygiene. She also needs to be counseled regarding her perspective towards traditional healing and the risks. The price denotes that Maria must change her perspectives so she could address the health issues objectively and effectively. For example, the price of not using birth control could mean more mouths to feed. As for the place, the only channel for educating her at the moment is through home visits by a health care provider. Lastly, promotion can be accomplished by suggesting birth control products through some brochures and samples like oral contraceptives. As for her children, Maria can be gi ven oral rehydration salts to prevent dehydration during diarrhea. In the end, the main objective is for Maria to take initiative in visiting the health facility on a regular basis. A sterling example of corporate social responsibility was exemplified by IBM way ahead of other companies. It was also interesting that IBM initiated CSR at the time that it almost fell into bankruptcy if not for the leadership of Louis Gertsner. During that time that Louis Gerstner ruled IBM, social responsibility then was a concept that was uncommonly practiced by organizations. IBM was influenced by Gertner’s social responsibility advocacy by erasing the barriers between class and gender within the organization which is a higher form of social responsibility. Unlike other organizations, that donated for a cause or planted a tree, Gerstner made something unique. Gerstner established a diversity task force that addressed to diversity issues. In line with that, he also co-chaired Achieve, an organ ization that focuses on improving the academic standards for public school in the U.S. In fact, he really supported quality education alongside being the CEO of IBM. He established Reinventing Education, an educational partnership with a number of states and school districts, enabling them to benefit from IBM technology, and technical assistance. Social responsibility was then a concern for Gerstner even during his IBM days. In a speech addressed to Comdex, he already made mention of how technology and social responsibility go hand in hand, to wit: I think we will make our visions reality. I think that as stewards of our industry, we will step up to the challenges of social responsibility. We will improve the world, and the way we work, the way we communicate, live and learn as people.  (1995, Transcript of Louis Gestner speech at Comdex) There are abundant examples of corporate social responsibility shown by large corporations. Just recently, Coca Cola pledged 2.5 Billion Yen ($3 1 Million dollars) to Japan so the country can recover from the disasters that happened. The pledge goes to a reconstruction fund which includes free dispensing of beverages for the victims. References CSR Press Release. (2011).  Coca-Cola Raises Total Pledge to 2.5 Billion Yen (US$31 Million) for Relief and Rebuilding Efforts in Japan.

Myth Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Myth Analysis - Essay Example Perhaps for its position as one of the earliest forms of surviving writing, the text represents one of the central in the field of myth analysis. This essay functions to analyze this myth through the theoretical lens of Smith who argued that myths follow rituals. In considering the nature of the Epic of Gilgamesh in terms of Smith’s lens it is difficult to clearly argue that the elements in the story were first ritualized, but their structural nature gives clues to this theory as an originary element. Throughout the epic Gilgamesh is shown going through a number of trials and tribulations that ultimately bring him to a higher state of self-knowledge and consciousness. This essay argues that these trials and tribulations represent the conglomeration of real life experiences, or rituals, that have been articulated within the construct of the myth as a means of demonstrating a sort of deeper structural dimension to the reality of the human condition. In these regards, the inspira tion of the story represents a sort of nebulous and abstract understanding of human nature that is placed into narrative form through its articulation in the myth. One of the central aspects in these regards can be witnessed in Gilgamesh’s relationship with Enkidu.

Diary for one class-------- I will upload every think that you will Essay

Diary for one class-------- I will upload every think that you will need. You have to read the slides when it is need it and you - Essay Example 2. Health Illiteracy – Even if Maria’s children can get medical treatment, the disease have a possibility of recurrence because she is not aware on what causes the disease. Also, she needs to learn more about basics of health as well as family planning. The 4ps are product, price, place and promotion. For product, the information that Maria needs is birth-control methods and hygiene. She also needs to be counseled regarding her perspective towards traditional healing and the risks. The price denotes that Maria must change her perspectives so she could address the health issues objectively and effectively. For example, the price of not using birth control could mean more mouths to feed. As for the place, the only channel for educating her at the moment is through home visits by a health care provider. Lastly, promotion can be accomplished by suggesting birth control products through some brochures and samples like oral contraceptives. As for her children, Maria can be gi ven oral rehydration salts to prevent dehydration during diarrhea. In the end, the main objective is for Maria to take initiative in visiting the health facility on a regular basis. A sterling example of corporate social responsibility was exemplified by IBM way ahead of other companies. It was also interesting that IBM initiated CSR at the time that it almost fell into bankruptcy if not for the leadership of Louis Gertsner. During that time that Louis Gerstner ruled IBM, social responsibility then was a concept that was uncommonly practiced by organizations. IBM was influenced by Gertner’s social responsibility advocacy by erasing the barriers between class and gender within the organization which is a higher form of social responsibility. Unlike other organizations, that donated for a cause or planted a tree, Gerstner made something unique. Gerstner established a diversity task force that addressed to diversity issues. In line with that, he also co-chaired Achieve, an organ ization that focuses on improving the academic standards for public school in the U.S. In fact, he really supported quality education alongside being the CEO of IBM. He established Reinventing Education, an educational partnership with a number of states and school districts, enabling them to benefit from IBM technology, and technical assistance. Social responsibility was then a concern for Gerstner even during his IBM days. In a speech addressed to Comdex, he already made mention of how technology and social responsibility go hand in hand, to wit: I think we will make our visions reality. I think that as stewards of our industry, we will step up to the challenges of social responsibility. We will improve the world, and the way we work, the way we communicate, live and learn as people.  (1995, Transcript of Louis Gestner speech at Comdex) There are abundant examples of corporate social responsibility shown by large corporations. Just recently, Coca Cola pledged 2.5 Billion Yen ($3 1 Million dollars) to Japan so the country can recover from the disasters that happened. The pledge goes to a reconstruction fund which includes free dispensing of beverages for the victims. References CSR Press Release. (2011).  Coca-Cola Raises Total Pledge to 2.5 Billion Yen (US$31 Million) for Relief and Rebuilding Efforts in Japan.

Censorship, The First Amendment, and Free Speech Essay - 2

Censorship, The First Amendment, and Free Speech - Essay Example Regulation of the general speech is censorship but regulation of evil and illegal speech is not censorship. The government should control some internet content such as hate sites, excessive violence, pornography and misuse of chat rooms (Kagan 12-46). The first step of controlling and regulating internet content is by proper enforcement of National laws. Laws are important since they are effective in controlling the harmful content in the internet. For example, the Communications Decency Act (CDA) and the Child Online Protection Act (COPA) efficiently help in regulating harmful internet content to children. The government should also pass a bill which restricts contents such as pornography, misuse of chat rooms, information stimulating excessive violence and hate sites (Akdeniz 2-12). Pornography is the major evil element in the internet. According to the annual review of Online Computer Library Centre (2001), there were about 74000 websites containing â€Å"adult content† which were generating more than $1 billion as a profit. Despite the wide-spread of pornographic material in the internet, most of them are legal except the child pornography, bestiality, sadomasochism and necrophilia. Therefore, the government should establish laws that restrict adults from holding or viewing pornographic materials (Akdeniz 2-12). The law should also ensure that internet users do not misuse chat rooms. The government law should restrict the hate sites and ban their creation in the internet. R v Graham case of 1999 is an example of how government can regulate internet content through the enforcement of the law. Secondly, the government can regulate and control the harmful and illegal internet content by developing active hotlines for reporting various cases involving illegal internet content. Hotlines are important in regulation since they enable the government to identify users who are

Conception of Curriculum Essay Example for Free

Conception of Curriculum Essay Curriculum is a Latin word, which means the way, which takes a person to his/ her goal. Every nation has an ideology, which becomes the basis of educational planning. The Curriculum defines the way of transforming educational planning into practical implementation through which the enables a nation becomes to achieve its ideological goals. Hence curriculum is the way through which a nation can achieve its aims. Different educational institutions and organisations also achieve their aims through curriculum. Although teachers, premises, resources and facilities have their own value in educational process, but the curriculum has the central position in the education of students. Curriculum is not only a source of fulfilment of national aims but also it serves the purpose of training and educating needs of individuals. The Ancient Concept of Curriculum: Firstly, the concept of curriculum was restricted to class and school. According to ancient concept of curriculum it was a combination of few subjects. According to this concept the students were required to study and learn few books in order to get them educated. Although it is against the observation and experience because by learning the subjects by heart neither the notions of concentration and creativity can be established nor the characteristics of In The Curriculum Bobbitt writes as follows: The central theory [of curriculum] is simple. Human life, however varied, consists in the performance of specific activities. Education that prepares for life is one that prepares definitely and adequately for these specific activities. However numerous and diverse they may be for any social class they can be discovered. This requires only that one go out into the world of affairs and discover the particulars of which their affairs consist. These will show the abilities, attitudes, habits, appreciation and forms of knowledge that men need. These will be the objectives of the curriculum. They will be numerous, definite and particularized. The curriculum will then be that series of experiences which children and youth must have by way of obtaining those objectives. (1918: 42) It is helpful to consider these ways of approaching curriculum theory and practice in the light of Aristotles influential categorization of knowledge into three disciplines: the theoretical, the productive and the practical. The modern conception on curriculum includes not only the books but also the activities which are organised in order to educate the students. Students take part in different activities and undertake different experiments. Hence its brings changes in the behaviour of students which is the real essence of education. It includes all those activities, †¢ which completes the superior educational objectives, †¢ also align education with practical life, †¢ Coordinate between society and education institution. †¢ Prepare students according to present era and circumstances. †¢ guarantees the progress of individual society. †¢ align the mental, psychological, economical, social practical aspects. Therefore according to the modern definition of curriculum, Curriculum is defined as a complete struggle, which is designed to achieve predetermined aims inside outside the school or educational institution. According to the encyclopedia of education research curriculum is regarded as those experiments, which are used by school in order to aid the process of education. Hence curriculum is the way through which we guide our generation in order to achieve prescribed aims objectives. Modern education gives central position to the student rather than teacher. The needs, wishes and psychological desires of students are fulfilled. Social norms and values are given central position in modern curriculum. Since a good, balanced and flexible curriculum is the best representative of society. Philosophical foundations: Educational curriculum and national ideology go hand in hand with each other. National philosophy gives rise to individual identity. When this philosophy becomes the foundation of education, the new generation gets enriched with these national characteristics. Curriculum designing addresses the questions such as what is the goal of our life and how it can be aligned with our curriculum. What is the opinion of the people of the nation regarding the whole world. What are the values of the society and which of these values are permanent and which of them are temporary. Which of these values should be natured by the educational institution where education is just aimed at educating students or has other utilities. Should the curriculum be aligned with the religion or the religion should be kept separated from curriculum. Should the curriculum depict the regional values or consist of universal values. Which subjects should be made compulsory in the secondary education and which the students should be kept under considerations or the national and social necessities should be taken as central point. Psychological foundations: Psychology and education has deep relation ship psychology is the science of human behavior. It explains the human behavioral in different circumstances. Through countless experiments psychologists have divided human development into different grades. Every grade has its own characteristics and necessities. For the better growth of children all these requirements should be fulfilled because the human brain develops in different levels. The beginning experiences are reflex in nature. In order to develop the co-ordination with the circumstances the child increases his educational level. Hence his psychological development takes place in different levels. Therefore it is necessary to keep the psychological needs and desires of the child in consideration while designing a curriculum. References Bobbitt, F. (1918) The Curriculum, Boston: Houghton Mifflin

Role and Responsibilities of a Teacher

Role and Responsibilities of a Teacher Explain the teaching role and responsibilities in education and training. My work is within the education sector at Northampton College. Specifically, I do two jobs both in the Supported Learning Department, firstly as a Learning support assistant, and secondly as an Hourly Paid Teacher. The Supported Learning department provides specialist education for our students with learning disabilities, it provides education which teaches life skills and the functional areas and skills of Maths and English that meet the real needs of our Young People. Interestingly we were working towards a method of rewarding when assessing, setting targets and goals. This became clearer to me when reading Petty, (2014,p.67) in which he talks about Medals and missions are related to the goals the student is working towards. The phrase Medals and Missions made simple sense of what we were doing. The ethos of his book, Teaching Today, (Petty, 2014), is also close to the Supported Learning ethos of meeting the needs and requirements of the diverse and different student body. The Teac hing /Learning cycle of continually assessing, planning, delivering (or teaching), assessing again and then evaluating, is a model that we utilise extensively. We try to help our young people to make a successful transition from school into Further Education, it is acknowledged as being very hard, (Department for Education, 2011,p.14). Explain how the teaching role involves working with other professionals The Team Around the Child (TAC) concept can include any professionals from other fields such as education, health, social services, and police. Within the education environment there are many professionals that may be called upon from the Teaching staff (the Teacher and Support Assistants) to the SENCO (The Schools Special Educational Needs Coordinator) there can also be involvement with the Principal or Head and the Governors. There should of course be layered communications and involvements with the Students Parents/Carers, siblings and other family members. There may also be occasion to call upon the specialised Safeguarding officers in potential cases of harm or abuse. Within the Supported Learning area there will also be contact on a regular basis with the following professionals; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) professions, Speech And Language Therapist (SALT), Occupational Therapist, Educational Psychologist, Social Workers, the Police and Youth Offending Teams. Explain the boundaries between the teaching role and other professional roles Teaching as a rule tends to have variation between the vastly different curriculum areas, however in Supported Learning these boundaries are often blurred as Teaching staff can often cover all elements of the curriculum. At the Pre-entry level or at Entry Levels 1,2 3 the nature of the subjects is much less sophisticated or complex than at GCSE level. However, performing both an ASA and a Teacher role I have noticed that where there is team work the lessons tend to be more successful than where there are rigid boundaries between staff. With other professions, it is important to adhere to appropriate behaviours and to avoid overfamiliarity. Not letting ones opinions cloud ones judgements is an important area to reflect upon and to take care to not overstep boundaries with fellow professionals. Lastly, teaching staff should always consider the potential dangers and pitfalls of using Social Media like Facebook Twitter not disclosing confidential information about students or indeed n ot having any students on your friends list will help to mitigate any risks. Summarise key aspects of legislation, regulatory requirements and codes of practice relating to own role and responsibilities In our sector of Supported Learning the new SEND Code of Practise (Department for Education and Department of Health, 2014, p13-p14) is very much a bible. Critically it has widened the period from 18 years to 25 years in which a person transfers between child and adult services. There is now much more focus on the views of children and young people in decision making and in their aspirations. Another important Act for us to adhere to, is the Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act (2006), it is a very risk adverse document which seeks to help avoid placing people who are unsuitable to work with children, young people or vulnerable adults. The other key legislation documents that we need to follow include the Health and Safety at Work Act (1974), Data Protection Act (1998) and the Equality Act (2010. The Health and Safety at Work Act (1974) describes the obligations on employers and employees and looks at protecting against the risks involved to health and safety, by assessing and mitigating against them. The Data Protection Act (1998) controls how information is used by organisations or the government. The Equality Act (2010) of England, Scotland and Wales ensures that peoples rights are met in areas such as age, disability, gender, religion and race. Reflective account Considering your learning in this unit or drawing on your own experience, provide a reflective account in relation to the following: explain why it is important to promote appropriate behaviour and respect for others (ref. 2.2) This course mirrored for me the work we do during induction, at the very start of each course the different policies for behaviour and for respect for each other were mapped out and agreed by the teaching staff and the students. During the very first session of this course we set out ground rules which when followed enable learning to happen in a safe and structured way. I have found that collaboratively working with the learners to build a list of ground rules develops a list that we can all follow, the rules tend to be generic like punctuality, turning off phones, no swearing, no violence. We also try and incorporate positives like equality, respect for each others diversity and being frank and honest with each other. ways to promote equality and value diversity (ref. 1.3) The Equality Act (2010) embraces diversity and protects people from discrimination because of being in one or more of the following categories: race, sex, sexual orientation; gender; disability, marital state, maternity, religion and faith, and age. The act sets out to prevent unlawful discrimination against people but it also strives to promote equality. In practise, I have found that working in Supported Learning it becomes second nature, in our classes there are vast spectrums of differing abilities and different needs. Therefore, my lesson plans must be tailored to include all. I should ensure that the classroom environment and the actual content of the lesson is inclusive to all. I have found that ensuring each person in the room has a voice and is encouraged to use it, sometimes by using starter or Icebreaker activities. During the second session of this course I came up with a definition of Diversity that I liked Diversity is an acceptance and celebration that includes all, regardless of age, race, ethnicity, sex, gender and ability. the importance of identifying and meeting the needs of learners (ref. 1.4) When embarking on teaching a new class I would first undertake initial assessments to see where any gaps are, and to understand the diversity of knowledge and ability this is very important in Supported Learning where each class has very diverse students. Each student also has a file of information which in most instances also includes an Education Health and Care (EHC) plans (Department for Education and Department of Health, 2014, p141-p206). An EHC plan is the new document which has replaced the Statements of SEN for children and young people with special educational needs, it has wealth of information and should also include targets for the young people which can be incorporated into the lesson plans. Then I would plan and deliver lessons to the group and to individuals where required. It is then critical to reflect on how things went and if need be to adapt and apply any changes. Next I tend to continually assess and apply any further changes. ways to maintain a safe and supportive learning environment. (ref. 2.1) A safe learning environment is about the physical safety of the classroom, but, it is also about the feelings of the young people, some of whom may have had very negative experiences of learning. On the physical side adherence to the rules and policies of the organisation will be a starting point, following the obligations laid down by the Health and Safety at Work Act (1974) is key. Each time a classroom is used a risk assessment can be carried out very quickly making sure that fire exits are accessible (especially for wheelchair users), ensuring that there are no dangers that could cause trips and falls. describes the obligations for example. With each class I teach I try to ensure a safe environment by making sure we establish ground rules and that everybody is comfortable with each other. I then try to model good behaviour by doing things like arriving punctually, ensuring my phone is turned off and treating all the learners with respect. References Data Protection Act (1998) [WWW Document]. UK Legislation. doi:10.1136/inpract.20.2.101 Department for Education (2011) Support and aspiration: A new approach to special educational needs and disability. Department for Education and Department of Health (2014) Special educational needs and disability code of practiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯: 0 to 25 years. London. Equality Act (2010) [online]. Available from: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/15/contents [Accessed 23 March 2017]. Health and Safety at Work etc. Act (1974) [online]. Available from: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1974/37 [Accessed 23 March 2017]. Petty, G. (2014) Teaching Today: A Practical Guide. 5th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act (2006) [online]. Available from: www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2004/28/contents [Accessed 23 March 2017].

Gender Roles in The Great Gatsby :: F. Scott Fitzgerald

Gender Roles: In some respects, Fitzgerald writes about gender roles in a quite conservative manner. In his novel, men work to earn money for the maintenance of the women. Men are dominant over women, especially in the case of Tom, who asserts his physical strength to subdue them. The only hint of a role reversal is in the pair of Nick and Jordan. Jordan's androgynous name and cool, collected style masculinize her more than any other female character. However, in the end, Nick does exert his dominance over her by ending the relationship. The women in the novel are an interesting group, because they do not divide into the traditional groups of Mary Magdalene and Madonna figures, instead, none of them are pure. Myrtle is the most obviously sensual, but the fact that Jordan and Daisy wear white dresses only highlights their corruption. ï‚ § What’s Fitzgerald’s implicit views of modern women in this novel? Daisy and Jordan dress the part of flappers, yet Daisy also plays the role of the Louisville rich girl debutante. A good question to ask is perhaps just how much Daisy realizes this is a â€Å"role,† and whether her recognition of that would in any sense make her a modern woman character. ï‚ § How significant is Nick’s final repudiation of Jordan Baker to the novel’s larger critique of modernity? ï‚ § Why is the novel so intrigued by Myrtle Wilson’s â€Å"immediately perceptible vitality† (30), on the one hand, yet almost viciously cruel in its mockery of her upper class pretension on the other hand? (see for example, pp.29-35 where Nick contrasts Myrtle’s â€Å"intense vitality† with her and her sister Catherine’s laughable attempts to posture themselves as modern society women. Indeed, Nick twice remarks Catherine’s plucked and redrawn eyebrows as affronts to her â€Å"nature† (see p.34, and again at the very end on pp.171-172). What’s up with that?) Even if they disagree about other issues, all feminists believe patriarchal ideology works to keep men and women confined to traditional gender roles so male dominance may be maintained. Utilizing the precepts of Feminist criticism, it could be argued â€Å"The Great Gatsby† promotes a thinly veiled patriarchal agenda. Through Fitzgerald’s treatment of the three women in â€Å"Gatsby†, as well as masking the possible homosexuality of a central character, the novel seems to promote only the traditional gender roles, swaying uncomfortably from any possible variance.

Diego Rivera Essay -- Visual Arts Paintings Art

Diego Rivera Diego Rivera he is a Mexican painter who produced murals on social themes and who ranks one of my countries greatest artists. He was born in Guanajuato and educated at the San Carlos Academy of Fine Arts , in Mexico City. he studied painting in Europe between 1907 and 1921, becoming familiar with the innovative cubist forms of the French painter Paul Cezanne and Pablo Picasso. In 1921 Riviera returned to Mexico and took a prominent part in revival of mural painting initiated by artists and sponsored by the government . Believing that art should serve the working people and be readily available to them , he concentrated on painting large frescoes, concerning the history and social problems of Mexico, on the walls of public buldings.His works during 1930s included ...

Literature Review on Types of Discipline Essay

2.1.1: Vandalism According to article ‘What is vandalism’, written by Dye1, she defined vandalism as a crime that generally involves the destruction, disfigurement of public or private property. A person does not have to destroy a property to be charged with vandalism. This crime can include acts that simply demise a piece of property. For example, a person may rip the seats of a school bus. The bus is still operable, but its value and its ability to be used are greatly reduced. Kraus (1979) said that vandalism consequences are often simply causing trouble and anger. One aspect of school vandalism is often reported in research studies from the United States as the research from Rubel (1977) states that the connection of vandalism with other types of school crimes such as petty theft in the school and personal violence against staff and students. According to Cohen (1973) the public sees this type of behavior as threatening. Even though vandalism is directed at public property, the public still feared being victims of uncontrolled juveniles that roaming the street. 2.1.2: Absenteeism Then, Heathfield2 defined absenteeism as the chronic absent from work or study. Absenteeism usually addressed through progressively stricter disciplinary measures that can result in the termination of the individual’s employment. This is generally governed by the institution attendance policy. Rayner & Riding (1996) cited Schostak (1980) in the United Kingdom that found at least 800,000 students absent from school for unexcused reasons. Webb (1993) suggest that approximately half a million students were absent each day. Students who have absenteeism problems generally suffer academically and socially. According to Baker and Jansen (2000), studies indicate that students who are absent have lower achievement and may be penalized on test scores. Sustained absences may lead to retention and truancy. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1 http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-vandalism.htm 2 http://humanresources.about.com/od/attendancepolicy/g/absenteeism.htm 2.1.3: Truancy Wisconsin (2000) defined simple truancy as any absence of part or all of a school day for which a pupil’s parent or guardian has not provided a valid excuse†. According to Cavallari3, he states that many institutions throughout the world have difficulty enforcing mandatory attendance for a variety of reasons. Some students find it more worthwhile to enter the world of career and earn money for their families, while others struggle with coursework and choose simply not to attend class while others have difficulty getting to school because they live in rural areas. The reasons why students do not attend school are complex and seemingly endless, making mandatory attendance difficult to enforce. Some schools base part of a student’s grade on attendance, while others make an attendance percentage a requirement for graduation. A student must attend classes a certain percentage of the school year in order to advance to the next grade as the student can be held back in the same grade if he or she fails to meet compulsory attendance requirements, which some critics claim can discourage students from attending school at all. However, some advocates claim it encourages students to attend class because it means they can progress to the next grade level with their peers. 2.1.4: Smoking Henderson4 and her colleagues found that in their research about smoking habits and wider social environment in school, on average, 25% of males and 39% of females aged 15-16, reported that they either regularly or occasionally smoked. The age group of 14 to 18 years is most likely to attract towards the smoking habit and become an addict for the rest of his or her life as this age represents the growth of maturity where teens make choices for their life style and plan where they want to see themselves in the future. The teens are more conscious about their personality, styles and making up their role model as their inspiration in life. On the other hand, this is the age where factors like stress, attention disorder, psychological pressures and conflicts from parents play an important role in impacting the individual personality and most of the teens are seen fighting with these kind of problems due to lack of parental interest, or sometime over protectiveness of parents. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3 http://www.wisegeek.com/how-can-schools-enforce-mandatory-attendance.htm 4 http://www.journal-archieves14.webs.com/848-855.pdf

Case Study Of Mercury Poisoning In Canada Environmental Sciences Essay

Between 1962 and 1970, the Wabigon river which was considered as a really of import fresh water resource in the north-western portion of Ontario, and a major beginning of nutrient supply for the people of Grassy Narrows and the Wabasseemoong First Nation communities was poisoned when a mush and paper factory industry known as Dryden paper factory, situated in the North of the river was believed to hold pumped about 10 metric tons of quicksilver into the river with the permission of the Ontario government.. Until 1970, the Ojibwe and other Aboriginal communities along the English-Wabigon River had built their support around this river for nutriment and economic activities. The people were nevertheless shocked with a CBC intelligence on November 1, 1970 that this vitalizing H2O was besides a beginning for possible decease through quicksilver toxic condition. This paper provides a reappraisal of the wellness effects of quicksilver poisoning on open people and how this goes a long manner to impact their manner of life. The paper will besides look at the intercessions put in topographic point by the authorities, whether those policies were helpful and what could hold been done otherwise. The paper will besides reexamine the available ordinances in Canada protecting people from such unsafe elements. A reappraisal was conducted seeking informations bases every bit good as utilizing indexes of published documents to understand the wellness effects. Contamination of quicksilver comes from natural and artificial/industrial beginnings. Naturally, this component appears in little concentrations in many stones, dirts, air and H2O around the universe ( Environment Canada ) . It has been shown that the worst signifiers of quicksilver taints have all resulted from human activities such as damping of industrial wastes which contain quicksilver in H2O organic structures and the usage of quicksilver in the excavation industry. Mercury has a long standing history of wellness effec ts among open citizens and has been associated with neurological, cardiovascular, immune system, cardinal nervous system, and kidney jobs every bit good as many other wellness results ( Passos & A ; mergler, 2008 ) . In small-scale gold excavation, gold is extracted utilizing quicksilver merger therefore presenting a considerable menace to both human and environmental wellness ( Spiegel, Savornin, Shoko, & A ; Viega, 2006 ) . Viega et Al ( 2006 ) as cited in Mohapatra and Mohapatra ( 2009 ) states that artisanal and small-scale gold excavation remains the largest planetary user of quicksilver and is still increasing largely in developing states. Findingss have revealed that elevated quicksilver exposure rates among the exposed are straight related to negative wellness results. In a late published study of Dr. Harada, a Nipponese quicksilver expert reveals that the people of Grassy Narrows and whitedog modesty are worse off than they were in 40 old ages ago when he foremost visited t he community to analyze the impacts of quicksilver poisoning on the people. Two of such communities that have suffered from quicksilver taint are Grassy Narrows and whitedog first states reserve in northwesterly Ontario, Canada.IntroductionMercury is a powerful toxin, exposed people all over the universe at serious hazard. Many surveies have confirmed mercury toxicity among specific populations and assorted environmental compartments ( National Research Council, 2000 ) . Health outcomes among open populations have been shown to be straight correlated with quicksilver exposure in the environment ( Passos & A ; Mergler, 2008 ) . The intent of this reappraisal is to critically measure the recent studies affecting exposure degrees to quicksilver of Grassy Narrows and whitdog community of Northwestern Ontario and the associated wellness results on the people. Between 1962 and 1970, the traditional life styles of these two Northwestern Ontario First Nations communities ( Grassy Narrows and whitedog ) were harmfully affected by quicksilver taint due to a chemical works upstream from their communities ( CBC, 1970 ) . The primary effects of quicksilver taint occurred in the chief basic of nutrient, fish, which had record-high degrees of quicksilver. The secondary effects of quicksilver taint affected the economic resources of these two communities when they were forced to shut their commercial piscaries and fishing ushers which rendered them unemployed ( CBC, 1970 ) . Dryden Chemicals Ltd. pumped 10 metric tons of quicksilver during this period ( 1962-1970 ) into the Wabigoon River which spread into the English River, the Winnipeg River and finally into Lake Winnipeg. This works used quicksilver to do Cl for decoloring paper. On provincial orders, Dryden Chemicals greatly restricted its quicksilver emanations in 1970 and finally halted quicksilver emanations in 1975. As indicated earlier, there are other activities in Canada such gold excavation which expose the populations of the rural communities to mecury. One of such mines located in the first state communities is the Musselwhite Mine which is owned by Goldcorp Inc ( 68 % and operator ) , and Kinross Gold Corporation ( 32 % ) . It is an belowground gold mine and processing works bring forthing about a one-fourth of a million ounces of gold yearly. It is situated on traditional First Nations land and works in partnership with First Nation communities. It is nevertheless deserving adverting that the relationships and understandings between this gold company and the First Nations have been recognized as best patterns within the excavation industry ( Musselwhite Joint Venture Mine Report, 2006 ) . Notwithstanding, all these activities straight or indirectly affect H2O organic structures and fist in peculiar, in these communities. Fishing is an activity considered by some people in Canada as leisure but for Aboriginal communities, fish ingestion is considered as portion of the civilization and this constitutes an of import beginning of support for many Aboriginal communities ( CBC, 1970 ) . Mercury exists in three signifiers ; elemental ( vapor ) , inorganic ( mercury compounds formed with other metals ) , and organic ( elemental quicksilver with C ) ( Selid, Xu, Collins, Striped Face-Collins, & A ; Zhao, 2009 ; Health Canada, 2010 ) . Beginnings of quicksilver scope from a assortment of natural beginnings, such as vents and dirts, to knowing human release activities, such as that in some excavation and other industrial operations ( Santos, Jesus, Brabo, Camara, Loureiro & A ; Macarenhas, 2000 ) . Mercury has a comparatively high vapor force per unit area, which means that it constitutes a important sum of volatile chemical being released into the air ( World Health Organization [ WHO ] , 2008 ) . Continuous exposure to contaminated air, through direct inspiration of firing amalgam or through ingestion of quicksilver contaminated merchandises, particularly fish, are easy beginning of soaking up into the lungs and other variety meats which consequences in a important sum of quicksilver related wellness effects ( WHO, 2008 ) . Miners besides have a high hazard of exposure due to direct soaking up through the tegument while managing the quicksilver. Concentrated quicksilver exposures, such as that in contaminated fish and other consumable merchandises, cause serious wellness jobs. Health effects have shown to be correlated with degree and signifier of quicksilver exposure, whether it is elemental, organic, or inorganic. Vapour is the most readily transmitted exposure tract into the organic structure, followed by inorganic exposure on tegument ( Health Canada, 2010 ) . Biomarkers and bio-monitoring are defined methods to understand degrees of environmental chemicals through hair, blood, and urine samples ( Wong & A ; Lye, 2008 ) . Biomarkers measure quicksilver concentrations and all biomarkers identified in literature are accepted as valid indexs of quicksilver exposure, although each independent marker provides a different reading of degree or type of exposure. All methods are of import in understanding proving degrees of quicksilver exposure, as most literature surveies do change on proving type. The wellness effects of quicks ilver are extremely dependent on its chemical signifier. In add-on, the definition of exposure has been defined otherwise in most literature, although as a planetary definition, it is defined as contact over clip between a individual and one or more biological, chemical, or physical agents ( WHO, 2008 ) . Harmonizing to Selid, Xu, Collins et Al ( 2009 ) , human related quicksilver emanations from the work of industries have increased with regard to natural emanations. The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry ( 1999 ) , as cited in Selid, Xu, Collins et Al ( 2009 ) , reported that about 80 % of anthropogenetic quicksilver emanations release elemental quicksilver into the air through industrial procedures, about 15 % of this quicksilver is released into the tellurian environment, and 5 % of anthropogenetic quicksilver emanations is carried from industrial effluent to the aquatic environment, inciting nutrient contaminations based on natural resources. Health Canada defines the blood quicksilver concentration counsel value, or threshold, of 20AAÂ µg/L for grownups. Harmonizing to this parametric quantity, any environmental quicksilver degree above this defined sum must hold follow up action to cut down the effects of human exposure ( Statistics Canada, 2008 ) . Within this paper, the Statistics Canada degree will be used as a set point in which comparings can be made. It should besides be noted that occupational exposure to mercury vapour occurs chiefly in fishing and gold excavation industries where normally people are employed ( Vahter, Akesson, Liden, Ceccatelli, & A ; Berglund, 2006 ) .History: Brief Global Picture.Globally, quicksilver toxic condition has been documented in states such as Japan ( 1953-65 ) , Iraq ( 1971-72 ) , Pakistan in 1969 and my ain state Ghana in 1969. The quicksilver toxic condition in in Japan attracted a batch of involvement. This was after some occupants of Minamata with unusual symptoms of an unkno wn disease were admitted at the Minamata Health centre in 1956. Health functionaries were able to associate this unusual disease to mercury toxic condition. An industry which used involved quicksilver in its procedures was allowed to let go of its waste into the Minamata Bay. The governments detected that people who depended on the fish and shell fish from Minamata Bay were the lone people affected by this unusual disease. It was realized that the fish and fish shell of the Bay had been poisoned with quicksilver. The usage of quicksilver nevertheless increased drastically throughout the universe after universe war two in assorted industries including the pigment, agribusiness, electrical, leather tanning and paper bring forthing industries.History of Mercury Poisoning in Canada ( Grassy Narrows and Whitedog reverves )Mercury toxic condition in Canada was accorded the necessary attending after the people of Grassy Narrows and whitedog militias were affected by this on-going threat at the clip. Grassy Narrows is a modesty located about 80km at the northeast portion of Kenora. Whitedog, on the other manus is located about 70km to the West, off the Manitoba boundary line. Wholly, there were about 850 dwellers in the two militias during the late sixtiess when the issue of quicksilver toxic condition erupted ( CBC, 1970 ) . The issue of quicksilver toxic condition of Canadian Waterss and fish became apparent to the populace in 1969 after the Federal Department of Fisheries and Forestry embarked on the commercial catching of fish from the Lakes of Cedar and Winnipeg every bit good as the Saskatchewan river and Red river, all in Manitoba ( Bligh 1970 ) . This disclosure prompted the federal authorities to inform the proprietors of the commercial fishermen and tourer centres along the English-Wabigoon river of an at hand closing of their installations because the fish in those rivers were insecure for both carnal and human ingestion. Fish in the rivers were proving really high degrees of methylmercury ( I have non finished this subdivision. Will continue after acquiring more literature )Effectss of Mercury on Exposed PopulationsOver the last three decennaries, many human wellness surveies have been executed in many communities to understand the exposure effects of quicksilver on worlds. There is a big orga nic structure of research grounds that supports a relationship between occupational exposure to mercury amongst exposed people and negative wellness results. Harmonizing to a systemic reappraisal measuring decadeaa‚Â ¬a„?s worth of informations, Passos and Mergler ( 2008 ) denote that gold mineworkers are the most critical population with the highest reported degrees of quicksilver in the universe today. However, in Canada, where little graduated table gold excavation is non common, the following most critical populations exposed to quicksilver are those who consume fish from quicksilver contaminated H2O organic structures either wittingly or unwittingly ( Health Canada, 2010 ) . Harmonizing to the wellness Canada, Canadians in general are largely non at hazard from Mercury poisoning but there is still a concern particularly for people who consume big sums of fish, marine mammals and wild game as portion of their day-to-day diet. Data was extracted to place the most prevailing wellness issues among the open people. All surveies used cohort or cross sectional designs. The most prevailing wellness consequence noted in the informations collected was neurological shortages. Some surveies attempted to understand marks and symptoms of past quicksilver toxicity, while others tested dose degree exposure as a hazard factor for future neurological effects.Neuropsychological effectsMultiple mentions, dwelling of cross sectional, cohort and equal reviewed literature were used to picture the effects of quicksilver exposure on neurological operation. Results revealed a important dose response consequence between quicksilver and neurological shortages ( Passos & A ; Mergler, 2008 ) . Studies including those who have used strict neurological scrutinies, found neuro-toxic effects including decreased cognitive maps, lessenings in attending or spacial public presentation, hapless leg coordination, multiple sensory troubles, shu dders, concentration troubles, insomnia, memory loss and kidney disfunction ( Counter, Buchanan, & A ; Ortega, 2005 ; National Research Council, 2000 ; Passos & A ; Mergler, 2008 ) . One independent survey, every bit good as documented findings within reappraisals, indicated that hearing loss was associated with quicksilver exposure among open populations, nevertheless it is to be noted that writers could non define whether the toxicity was purely due to occupational exposure through inspiration, or if it was through dietetic ingestion of contaminated country nutrient, such as fish ( Counter, Buchanan, Laurell, Ortega, 1998 ; Passos & A ; Mergler, 2008, National Research Council, 2000 ) . It is hard to place comparison factors from each survey as consequences were elusive amongst independent and systemic reappraisals, every bit good as most surveies did non detail biomarkers.Immune system effectsRecent surveies have narrowed focal point in on the impact quicksilver exposure has on i mmune system working. Studies defining the relationship of quicksilver exposure in the Amazon mine workers found a strong correlativity between quicksilver exposure and malaria ( Passos & A ; Mergler, 2008 ) . One survey reported that malaria was four times higher for those persons describing a history of working with inorganic quicksilver than those who did non ( Crompton et al, 2002 ) . A reappraisal on grounds in Amazonian excavation populations illustrate consequences consistent with other findings that quicksilver induced effects are apparent including autoimmune disfunction ( Passos & A ; Mergler, 2008 ) . Reports based on urinary biomarkers identified exposure rates runing from 0 to 240 AAÂ µg/L and concentrations in the blood samples varied from 0 to 30 AAÂ µg/L ( Crompton et al, 2002, Passos & A ; Mergler, 2008 ) . Harmonizing to environment Canada, because Mercury exists in three different signifiers ( gas, organic and inorganic ) , the degree of toxicity and continuity in open persons vary depending on this signifier an person is exposed to. Silva et Al ( 2004 ) documented effects of quicksilver on activated immune cells and documented the response of both redness and anti-inflammation and found significantly increased redness in those who had been exposed to inorganic quicksilver and noted that quicksilver may besides be related to other chronic auto-immune diseases such as Lupus and arthritis.Central Nervous System EffectssThe consequence of quicksilver on the cardinal nervous system has been extensively studied in high and low-dose exposures. However, much of the literature identified within the context of the systemic reappraisals. As portion of this reappraisal, the initial surveies are non included due to the day of the months completed, nevertheless, it is to be noted that Passos and Mergler ( 2008 ) and the National Research Centre ( 2000 ) found that several marks and symptoms related to the cardinal nervous system shortages are evidentia ry characteristics of chronic high-dose exposures to Mercury in grownups. These included centripetal damage of the appendages, perturbation of equilibrium, and subjective symptoms such as concern, musculus and joint hurting, forgetfulness, and weariness ( Passos & A ; Mergler, 2008 ; National Research Council, 2005 ) .Cardio-vascular effectsMercury accumulates in the bosom, and exposures have been associated with blood force per unit area alterations and unnatural cardiac operation ( National Research Council, 2000 ) . Based on the inclusion standards of the reappraisal, merely three surveies evaluated quicksilver exposure and cardio-vascular effects ( Passos & A ; Mergler, 2008 ; Fillion, Mergler, Passos, Larribe, Lemire, & A ; Guimaraes, 2006 ) . Numerous surveies of cardiovascular effects have been referenced in the systemic reappraisals, although all autumn outside inclusion standards for this reappraisal. One independent survey by Kobal et Al, found that chronic exposure in pop ulations has been implicative of cardiovascular toxicity, nevertheless grounds is non clear ( Kobal, Horvat, Prezelj Briski, Krsnik, Dizdarevic et Al, 2004 ) . Other surveies reported high blood pressure and unnatural bosom rate among open workers ( National Research Council, 2005 ) . It should be noted that all surveies, including those within the systemic reappraisal, reported or referenced that higher blood force per unit area was significantly related to high quicksilver degrees. It is besides to be noted that the biomarker agencies could non be used as they varied within each survey and were non comparable.Kidney mapsThe kidneys are sensitive to mercury following inspiration exposure. Several probes have found nephritic alterations in populations inveterate exposed to mercury toxic condition ( National Research Council, 2000 ; WHO, 2008 ; Passos & A ; Mergler, 2008 ) . One survey done in 1993 measured 50 workers in a cohort survey looking at exposure degree differences on kidne y eliminations between mining workers and control workers ( Cardenas, Roels, Bernard, Barbon, Buchet, Lauwerys, et Al, 1993 ) . The statistical analysis resulted in workers egesting a average quicksilver degree of 22 mcgs over 11 old ages ( Cardenas, 1993 ) . The chief nephritic alterations associated with the exposure to mercury were chiefly found in workers egesting more than 50 micrograms/g and resulted in increased escape of cannular enzymes and antigens and biochemical changes ( Cardenas, 1993 ) . Health Canada besides acknowledges that quicksilver toxic condition can be really damaging to babies, particularly when the toxicant is easy passed on to the babies through chest milk. This is based on the fact that the nervous system of babies and kids is really sensitive to mercury and a minimum exposure can do symptoms such as reduced IQ, delays in walking and speaking, deficiency of coordination, sightlessness and ictuss. The findings of quicksilver toxic condition in grownups postulated by wellness Canada is consistent with the reappraisals I have done with few add-ons. High exposures of grownups to mercury poisoning leads to detrimental jobs such as personality alterations, shudders, alterations in vision, hearing loss, loss of musculus coordination and esthesis, memory loss, rational damage and in some instances decease ( Health Canada, 2010 )Effectss on the people of Grassy Narrows and Whitedog militiasAssociating the inauspicious effects of the quicksilver exposure in Grassy Narrows and Whitedog militias, the effects manifested in two creases. The primary effects of the taint occurred in the chief basic of nutrient and fish, which had record-high degrees of quicksilver ( Harada et al, 1976 ) . The secondary effects affected the economic resources of these two communities when they were forced to shut their commercial fishing activity which rendered huge figure of people unemployed ( CBC, 1970 ) . The open communities were affected by a disease known as Minamata disease ( Named after a unusual disease which affected the people of Minamata in Japan after terrible quicksilver toxic condition ) . Minamata disease is a neurological syndrome caused by terrible quicksilver toxic condition. The symptoms of this disease were noticed in the late sixtiess among the people in Grassy Narrows and whitedog first state communities. As indicated earlier, the symptoms being experienced were similar to that which occurred in Minamata, Japan after the terrible quicksilver toxic condition in that community. Most Nipponese physicians who had been involved in analyzing this disease came to Grassy Narrows and the whitedog community merely to recognize that the quicksilver degrees in the bloods of the dwellers measured between 100ppb and 200ppb, far transcending the wellness Canada bound ( commission for Native concerns, 2007 ) . Harmonizing to Harada et Al ( 1976 ) , the people had symptoms such as centripetal perturbations, narrowing of the ocular field, impaired hearing, unnatural oculus motions, shudder, impaired balance and hapless articulation of address.